What Is to Be Done? · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for What Is to Be Done? by Nikolay Chernyshevsky.
Chapter 1
What Is to Be Done?
The chapter introduces the central philosophical and practical question of the novel, setting the stage for the characters' struggles against societal constraints and their pursuit of rational egoism, personal freedom, and social reform.
Chapter 2
A Vital Question
This chapter presents a philosophical and ideological discussion centered on a 'vital question' concerning the nature of human motivation, self-interest, and the possibility of altruism within a rational framework. It explores the tension between egoism and the desire for the common good, setting the stage for the characters' ethical and social dilemmas.
Chapter 3
A Fool
The chapter opens on July 23, 1856, at a Petersburg hotel where a mysterious guest has checked in, locked his door, and cannot be roused. After breaking in, the room is found empty with a note stating he will leave at 11 PM and be heard of on the Liteinaïa bridge between 2 and 3 AM. A pistol shot was heard on the bridge during the night, but no body is found. The hotel staff and police debate whether it was a suicide or a prank, ultimately concluding the act—whether real or staged—was that of a fool.
Chapter 4
II: The First Consequences of the Fool’s Deed
Vera Pavlovna receives a letter from Lopukhof announcing his departure and apparent suicide, believing he has sacrificed himself for her happiness with Kirsanov. Overcome with guilt, she resolves to leave Petersburg and part from Kirsanov forever, though a passionate farewell kiss reveals the depth of her anguish.
Chapter 5
III: Preface
The author directly addresses the reader, explaining his narrative approach and defending the truthfulness of his story. He admits to lacking artistic talent but insists that the value of the work lies in its honesty. He criticizes the public's lack of discernment and reveals that the story will end happily without theatrical embellishments.
Chapter 6
Part I: The Life of Viéra Pavlovna in Her Parents’ Family
This chapter introduces Viéra Pavlovna's oppressive home life under her mother Marya Alekséyevna's domineering and mercenary rule, her father's passive complicity, and the looming threat of an unwanted marriage to Storeshnikof. It sets the stage for her desire for freedom and education.
Chapter 7
I
This chapter introduces the background of Katerina Vasílyevna's father, Pólozof, a retired cavalry captain who amassed a fortune through contracts and trade, only to lose it after a quarrel with an important personage. Now in his seventies, he manages a stearine factory and focuses on selling it and arranging a suitable marriage for his daughter.
Chapter 8
II
This chapter introduces Katerina Vasílyevna (Kátya), the only daughter of the wealthy Pólozof. Her father allows her considerable freedom, avoiding strict governesses and permitting her to read and dream undisturbed. Despite many suitors, Kátya remains uninterested in love, but at seventeen she begins to grow thin, pale, and languid.
Chapter 9
III
Kirsánof is called to consult on the mysterious illness of Katerina Vasílyevna, who is wasting away from unspoken love. He wins her trust by speaking candidly and offering to help her die if she wishes, then persuades her to reveal the man's name and agrees to speak with her father, Pólozof, who opposes the match.
Chapter 10
IV
Katerina Vasílyevna's health declines due to her secret attachment to Jean Sólovtsof, whom her father has forbidden her to marry. Despite her love for her father and respect for his judgment, she cannot confess the true cause of her illness, leading to a dangerous state of consumption.
Chapter 11
Chapter V
Kirsánof diagnoses Katerina Vasílyevna Pólozova's illness as stemming from unrequited love for Jean Sólovtsof. He confronts her father, Pólozof, who stubbornly refuses to allow the match, believing death is preferable. Kirsánof devises a risky plan to save her by leveraging her willingness to die, convincing her to take a stand.
Chapter 12
VI
Kirsánof orchestrates a medical consultation to manipulate Pólozof into allowing his daughter to recover from her illness and reconsider her engagement to Sólovtsof. By staging a false diagnosis that she must be given morphine to end her suffering, Kirsánof shocks Pólozof into yielding, then advises him to let his daughter come to her own conclusions. Pólozof agrees and writes to Sólovtsof, who is acknowledged as the bridegroom with a three-month delay.
Chapter 13
VII
Kirsánof helps Katerina Vasílyevna see the true character of her fiancé, Sólovtsof, by subtly guiding conversations that reveal his greed and coldness. She postpones the wedding and breaks off the engagement after Sólovtsof's angry reproaches.
Chapter 14
VIII
Katerina Vasílyevna's melancholy after the Sólovtsof episode leads her to reflect on wealth, poverty, and the deceit of those around her. She finds solace in reading and dreaming of heroines like Geneviève and Miss Nightingale, and feels relief when her father's failure frees her from the false flattery of society.
Chapter 15
IX
Pólozof works to sell his stearine factory and finds a buyer in Charles Beaumont, an agent for a London firm. After lengthy negotiations, Beaumont finally agrees to dine with Pólozof.
Chapter 16
Part II: First Love, and Legal Marriage
Vera Pavlovna, feeling trapped by her family's plans to marry her off to Storeshnikof, meets Lopukhóf, her brother's tutor. Through discussions about rational egoism and personal freedom, Lopukhóf helps Vera realize she can escape her oppressive home by entering a marriage of convenience based on mutual respect and independence. After a failed attempt to become a governess, Vera agrees to a legal marriage with Lopukhóf, which allows her to leave her family and begin a new life of autonomy.
Chapter 17
I
This chapter introduces the background of Katerina Vasílyevna's father, Pólozof, a retired cavalry captain who amassed a fortune through contracts and trade, only to lose it after a quarrel with an important personage. Now in his seventies, he manages a stearine factory and focuses on selling it and arranging a suitable marriage for his daughter.
Chapter 18
II
This chapter introduces Katerina Vasílyevna (Kátya), the only daughter of the wealthy Pólozof. Her father allows her considerable freedom, avoiding strict governesses and permitting her to read and dream undisturbed. Despite many suitors, Kátya remains uninterested in love, but at seventeen she begins to grow thin, pale, and languid.
Chapter 19
III
Kirsánof is called to consult on the mysterious illness of Katerina Vasílyevna, who is wasting away from unspoken love. He wins her trust by speaking candidly and offering to help her die if she wishes, then persuades her to reveal the man's name and agrees to speak with her father, Pólozof, who opposes the match.
Chapter 20
IV
Katerina Vasílyevna's health declines due to her secret attachment to Jean Sólovtsof, whom her father has forbidden her to marry. Despite her love for her father and respect for his judgment, she cannot confess the true cause of her illness, leading to a dangerous state of consumption.
Chapter 21
Chapter V
Kirsánof diagnoses Katerina Vasílyevna Pólozova's illness as stemming from unrequited love for Jean Sólovtsof. He confronts her father, Pólozof, who stubbornly refuses to allow the match, believing death is preferable. Kirsánof devises a risky plan to save her by leveraging her willingness to die, convincing her to take a stand.
Chapter 22
VI
Kirsánof orchestrates a medical consultation to manipulate Pólozof into allowing his daughter to recover from her illness and reconsider her engagement to Sólovtsof. By staging a false diagnosis that she must be given morphine to end her suffering, Kirsánof shocks Pólozof into yielding, then advises him to let his daughter come to her own conclusions. Pólozof agrees and writes to Sólovtsof, who is acknowledged as the bridegroom with a three-month delay.
Chapter 23
VII
Kirsánof helps Katerina Vasílyevna see the true character of her fiancé, Sólovtsof, by subtly guiding conversations that reveal his greed and coldness. She postpones the wedding and breaks off the engagement after Sólovtsof's angry reproaches.
Chapter 24
VIII: The Temptation of Hamlet
Marya Alekséyevna, feigning a headache, orchestrates a private conversation between Viéra and Lopukhóf, then eavesdrops. They discuss the theory of rational egoism, with Lopukhóf arguing that all human actions are motivated by self-interest. Viéra tests the theory by asking whether she should accept a rich suitor she dislikes; Lopukhóf advises her to choose what is most advantageous. Marya Alekséyevna, overhearing, approves of the conversation as it seems to support her own plans.
Chapter 25
IX
Pólozof works to sell his stearine factory and finds a buyer in Charles Beaumont, an agent for a London firm. After lengthy negotiations, Beaumont finally agrees to dine with Pólozof.
Chapter 26
X
Charles Beaumont recounts his background: born in Russia to a French-Canadian family, raised in the Tambof region, later moved to New York after his father's death, and eventually returned to Russia as an agent for an English firm.
Chapter 27
XI
Beaumont dines with Pólozof and his daughter Katerina Vasílyevna, discussing her melancholy and desire for meaningful activity. Katerina expresses frustration with societal constraints on women and her wish to do practical good, beginning with bread before education. Beaumont mentions an experiment in political economy founded by Mrs. Kirsánova, sparking Katerina's interest.
Chapter 28
XII: Viérotchka’s First Dream
Viéra Pavlovna dreams of being freed from a damp cellar and cured of paralysis by a mysterious, ever-changing young woman who calls herself Philanthropy. The figure urges Viéra to free and cure other imprisoned and paralyzed girls, and Viéra joyfully does so, leading them into a field of freedom and play.
Chapter 29
XIII
Beaumont becomes a frequent visitor at the Pólozofs', and Pólozof considers him an excellent match for Katerina Vasílyevna, valuing his character, self-made success, and American citizenship. Beaumont takes a careful step to avoid any conflict of interest in the factory purchase, signaling his serious intentions toward Kátya.
Chapter 30
XIV
Beaumont visits Katerina Vasílyevna, who initially receives him coolly due to suspicion about his interest in the Kirsánofs. Over several visits, she warms to him, finding him sympathetic and understanding. She eventually offers to tell him about the Kirsánofs, but he demurs, indicating his curiosity has lessened.
Chapter 31
XV
Katerina Vasílyevna's enthusiasm for Beaumont deepens into a steady, bright mood, and she believes it draws him closer to her. Beaumont expresses interest in the Kirsánofs but only to confirm their happiness, leading Katerina to conclude that he is not in love with Viéra Pavlovna but possibly with her.
Chapter 32
Chapter XVI
Katerina Vasílyevna, worried by Beaumont's absence, visits him to check on his well-being. He explains he scratched his arm at the factory and stayed away to avoid troubling her. They discuss Thackeray's novel and other topics, and she invites him to meet Viéra Pavlovna. Beaumont promises to visit the next day.
Chapter 33
XVII
The narrator reflects on the unconventional behavior of Katerina Vasílyevna and Charles Beaumont, who interact with a calm, unromantic ease that defies societal norms. Their meetings are free and untroubled, leading the narrator to question whether they are even human or merely 'fish' with cold blood. The narrator expresses frustration that such rational, unexcitable characters make for uninteresting storytelling.
Chapter 34
XVIII
Beaumont and Katerina Vasílyevna engage in a series of conversations about the difficulties women face in making a wise marriage choice due to lack of experience and societal constraints. They discuss the risks of deception, the need for personal trial, and the exceptional nature of Katerina's own character. Pólozof observes their growing intimacy and concludes that a marriage is likely, though their talk remains calm and philosophical.
Chapter 35
XIX
Katerina Vasílyevna visits Vera Pavlovna to announce her impending marriage to Beaumont, revealing that Beaumont came to Petersburg specifically to meet Vera and that he knows her personally. Vera, excited, calls in Aleksandr Kirsanov, and the three share a joyful reunion.
Chapter 36
Chapter XX
Beaumont recounts his life story after arriving in the United States, including his naturalization, alliance with the Abolitionists, and work for a New York firm, providing a narrative that aligns with known events.
Chapter 37
XXI
The Beaumonts and Kirsánofs agree to find adjoining apartments. While waiting, the Beaumonts live at the factory, treating it as a wedding journey. After six weeks, suitable flats are found. Pólozof remains at the factory, enjoying his status as a local patriarch, and frequently hosts gatherings for the circle, including the Kirsánofs and young folks.
Chapter 38
XXII
The chapter describes the harmonious and active lives of two families living in adjoining apartments, with Vera Pavlovna and Katerina Vasilyevna maintaining open doors and shared gatherings. Their sewing cooperatives continue to thrive, and Katerina prepares to pass her medical examinations, while the two women engage in playful debates and musical games with young friends, reflecting their progressive and cooperative domestic arrangement.
Chapter 39
XXIII
A party is held where a lady in mourning appears, causing a brief disturbance. The evening proceeds with singing, dancing, and storytelling, including a ballad about a brigand lover. Viéra Pavlovna and Katerina Vasílyevna share stories, and the lady in mourning eventually retires to rest.
Chapter 40
XXIV: A Word of Praise for Marya Alekséyevna
The narrator addresses Marya Alekséyevna directly, offering a backhanded tribute to her intelligence and strength of character despite her moral failings. He argues that her cynical view of people as either fools or rascals was justified by her environment, and that her mistakes in judging Vera and Lopukhóf were understandable. He praises her pragmatism, her ability to recognize when a fight is unwinnable, and her restraint from pointless spite. Though she is a bad woman, she is not a hopeless wretch; under better circumstances, she could be useful and even honorable.
Chapter 41
Part III: Marriage and Second Love
This chapter explores Vera Pavlovna's second marriage to Aleksandr Kirsánov, delving into the complexities of love, personal freedom, and the evolving dynamics of their relationship. It contrasts the rational foundations of her first marriage with the passionate yet principled nature of her second, highlighting the characters' commitment to mutual respect and individual autonomy.
Chapter 42
I
This chapter introduces the background of Katerina Vasílyevna's father, Pólozof, a retired cavalry captain who amassed a fortune through contracts and trade, only to lose it after a quarrel with an important personage. Now in his seventies, he manages a stearine factory and focuses on selling it and arranging a suitable marriage for his daughter.
Chapter 43
II
This chapter introduces Katerina Vasílyevna (Kátya), the only daughter of the wealthy Pólozof. Her father allows her considerable freedom, avoiding strict governesses and permitting her to read and dream undisturbed. Despite many suitors, Kátya remains uninterested in love, but at seventeen she begins to grow thin, pale, and languid.
Chapter 44
III: Viéra Pavlovna’s Second Dream
In her second dream, Viéra Pavlovna engages in a philosophical discussion about 'actual' versus 'fantastic' dirt, symbolizing the conditions for healthy growth and life. The dream shifts to a game of 'Confession' where characters reveal their backgrounds, highlighting the contrast between genuine hardship and artificial concerns. Marya Alekséyevna appears and defends her harsh upbringing, conjuring a vision of an alternative life to justify her actions.
Chapter 45
IV
Katerina Vasílyevna's health declines due to her secret attachment to Jean Sólovtsof, whom her father has forbidden her to marry. Despite her love for her father and respect for his judgment, she cannot confess the true cause of her illness, leading to a dangerous state of consumption.
Chapter 46
Chapter V
Kirsánof diagnoses Katerina Vasílyevna Pólozova's illness as stemming from unrequited love for Jean Sólovtsof. He confronts her father, Pólozof, who stubbornly refuses to allow the match, believing death is preferable. Kirsánof devises a risky plan to save her by leveraging her willingness to die, convincing her to take a stand.
Chapter 47
VI
Kirsánof orchestrates a medical consultation to manipulate Pólozof into allowing his daughter to recover from her illness and reconsider her engagement to Sólovtsof. By staging a false diagnosis that she must be given morphine to end her suffering, Kirsánof shocks Pólozof into yielding, then advises him to let his daughter come to her own conclusions. Pólozof agrees and writes to Sólovtsof, who is acknowledged as the bridegroom with a three-month delay.
Chapter 48
VII
Kirsánof helps Katerina Vasílyevna see the true character of her fiancé, Sólovtsof, by subtly guiding conversations that reveal his greed and coldness. She postpones the wedding and breaks off the engagement after Sólovtsof's angry reproaches.
Chapter 49
VIII
Katerina Vasílyevna's melancholy after the Sólovtsof episode leads her to reflect on wealth, poverty, and the deceit of those around her. She finds solace in reading and dreaming of heroines like Geneviève and Miss Nightingale, and feels relief when her father's failure frees her from the false flattery of society.
Chapter 50
IX
Pólozof works to sell his stearine factory and finds a buyer in Charles Beaumont, an agent for a London firm. After lengthy negotiations, Beaumont finally agrees to dine with Pólozof.
Chapter 51
X
Charles Beaumont recounts his background: born in Russia to a French-Canadian family, raised in the Tambof region, later moved to New York after his father's death, and eventually returned to Russia as an agent for an English firm.
Chapter 52
XI
Beaumont dines with Pólozof and his daughter Katerina Vasílyevna, discussing her melancholy and desire for meaningful activity. Katerina expresses frustration with societal constraints on women and her wish to do practical good, beginning with bread before education. Beaumont mentions an experiment in political economy founded by Mrs. Kirsánova, sparking Katerina's interest.
Chapter 53
XII
Katerina Vasílyevna visits Vera Pavlovna's sewing cooperative and becomes enthusiastic about the enterprise. She shares her impressions with Charles Beaumont, who shows a keen but cautious interest in Vera Pavlovna, asking Katerina not to reveal his inquiries or his desire to meet the Kirsánofs.
Chapter 54
XIII
Beaumont becomes a frequent visitor at the Pólozofs', and Pólozof considers him an excellent match for Katerina Vasílyevna, valuing his character, self-made success, and American citizenship. Beaumont takes a careful step to avoid any conflict of interest in the factory purchase, signaling his serious intentions toward Kátya.
Chapter 55
XIV: Nástenka’s Story
Nástenka visits Viéra Pavlovna to confess her past and express gratitude to Sáshenka, who rescued her from a life of degradation. Viéra listens sympathetically as Nástenka recounts her initial shameless behavior, her encounter with a student who refused her advances, and his subsequent kindness in examining her health and offering her a new life. Nástenka describes the profound love and comfort she experienced with him, emphasizing his modesty and the deep emotional peace she found.
Chapter 56
XV
Katerina Vasílyevna's enthusiasm for Beaumont deepens into a steady, bright mood, and she believes it draws him closer to her. Beaumont expresses interest in the Kirsánofs but only to confirm their happiness, leading Katerina to conclude that he is not in love with Viéra Pavlovna but possibly with her.
Chapter 57
Chapter XVI
Katerina Vasílyevna, worried by Beaumont's absence, visits him to check on his well-being. He explains he scratched his arm at the factory and stayed away to avoid troubling her. They discuss Thackeray's novel and other topics, and she invites him to meet Viéra Pavlovna. Beaumont promises to visit the next day.
Chapter 58
XVII
The narrator reflects on the unconventional behavior of Katerina Vasílyevna and Charles Beaumont, who interact with a calm, unromantic ease that defies societal norms. Their meetings are free and untroubled, leading the narrator to question whether they are even human or merely 'fish' with cold blood. The narrator expresses frustration that such rational, unexcitable characters make for uninteresting storytelling.
Chapter 59
XVIII
Beaumont and Katerina Vasílyevna engage in a series of conversations about the difficulties women face in making a wise marriage choice due to lack of experience and societal constraints. They discuss the risks of deception, the need for personal trial, and the exceptional nature of Katerina's own character. Pólozof observes their growing intimacy and concludes that a marriage is likely, though their talk remains calm and philosophical.
Chapter 60
XIX: Viéra Pavlovna’s Third Dream
Viéra Pavlovna experiences a troubling dream in which a mysterious visitor (appearing as Bosio and de Merrick) forces her to read from a diary she does not remember writing. The diary reveals her growing doubts about her love for her husband, Dmitri Lopukhóf, suggesting that her feelings are based on gratitude for rescuing her rather than genuine passion. She wakes in distress, seeking reassurance from Lopukhóf, who comforts her. The dream exposes her subconscious questioning of her marriage and her emerging emotional needs.
Chapter 61
Chapter XX
Beaumont recounts his life story after arriving in the United States, including his naturalization, alliance with the Abolitionists, and work for a New York firm, providing a narrative that aligns with known events.
Chapter 62
XXI
The Beaumonts and Kirsánofs agree to find adjoining apartments. While waiting, the Beaumonts live at the factory, treating it as a wedding journey. After six weeks, suitable flats are found. Pólozof remains at the factory, enjoying his status as a local patriarch, and frequently hosts gatherings for the circle, including the Kirsánofs and young folks.
Chapter 63
A Theoretical Conversation
Lopukhóf and Kirsánof engage in a tense theoretical debate about duty, risk, and the nature of happiness. Kirsánof argues that it is dishonorable to risk another's peace of mind for an uncertain betterment, while Lopukhóf counters that suppressing natural desires leads to harm. Their conversation reveals the underlying personal tensions and the rational egoist theory that governs their actions.
Chapter 64
XXIII
A party is held where a lady in mourning appears, causing a brief disturbance. The evening proceeds with singing, dancing, and storytelling, including a ballad about a brigand lover. Viéra Pavlovna and Katerina Vasílyevna share stories, and the lady in mourning eventually retires to rest.
Chapter 65
XXIV
Vera Pavlovna gradually realizes her growing feelings for Kirsánov, leading to a confession to her husband Lopukhóf. Lopukhóf responds with calm reassurance, emphasizing her freedom and well-being, and arranges for Kirsánov to stay away temporarily. Vera eventually calms down and falls asleep peacefully.
Chapter 66
XXV
Vera Pavlovna struggles with her feelings for Kirsanov while trying to maintain her marriage to Lopukhov. Lopukhov gently confronts her, arguing that her suffering is unnecessary and that she should follow her true feelings. They have their first and last quarrel, but reconcile with Lopukhov urging her to prioritize her own happiness.
Chapter 67
XXVI
Vera Pavlovna, in great emotional turmoil, writes a letter to her husband Lopukhóf confessing her love for another man. Lopukhóf finds the letter, remains calm, and distracts her by discussing his new position as acting manager of a factory with a higher salary. He then announces a planned visit to his parents in Riazan, giving her space. Later, he invites friends over, including Rakhmétof, to ease the tension.
Chapter 68
XXVII
Viéra Pavlovna awakens to find her husband Lopukhóf and Masha packing valises for his trip to Riazan. Despite her desire to accompany him, Lopukhóf gently persuades her to wait for a letter from him, emphasizing the importance of freedom and health. At the railway station, they share an emotional farewell, with Lopukhóf reaffirming their mutual love and the principle that happiness requires freedom.
Chapter 69
XXVIII
Lopukhóf returns to Petersburg in mid-June, stays three weeks, then leaves for Moscow on factory business. On July 21 he departs, and on July 23 a misunderstanding occurs at a hotel near the Moscow railroad station involving a stranger who does not get up, followed by a scene at the Kamennoï Ostrof dacha. The narrator hints that Lopukhóf is the one who supposedly shot himself, but suggests it is a trick.
Chapter 70
XXIX: An Extraordinary Man
Viéra Pavlovna, recovering from her distress, decides to sell her belongings and leave the shop, sending Masha to fetch Mrs. Mertsálova and the dealer Rachel. Rakhmétof arrives uninvited, having learned of her situation from Kirsánof, and offers to stay and help. He settles in the library, eating a simple meal of ham and black bread, and reads Newton. The chapter delves into Rakhmétof's ascetic lifestyle, his rigorous self-discipline, his refusal of romantic love, and his extensive travels across Europe and America for study, revealing him as an extraordinary man dedicated to principle over personal desire.
Chapter 71
Rakhmétov's Visit and the Letter
Rakhmétov visits Vera Pavlovna to deliver a letter from Lopukhóf, but he carefully controls the situation, making her promise not to grab the note. After reading it, Vera is moved by Lopukhóf's kindness. Rakhmétov then scolds her for her past actions, including her treatment of Masha and her risk to the sewing cooperative, accusing her of despotism and endangering progressive ideals. He reveals a more jovial side, asking her to keep his true nature a secret.
Chapter 72
XXXI: A Colloquy with the Sapient Reader, and His Banishment
The author directly addresses the 'sapient reader,' defending his portrayal of Vera Pavlovna, Kirsanov, and Lopukhov as ordinary, decent people rather than idealized heroes. He argues that they stand on a height attainable by all through self-development and culture. The chapter then debates the role of Rakhmetov, clarifying that he was introduced not as a plot device but to be characterized himself, and that the conversation with Vera served to reveal his personality. The author concludes by asserting the artistic necessity of depicting ordinary people accurately.
Chapter 73
Part IV: Second Marriage
Vera Pavlovna marries Kirsanov after Lopukhov's apparent suicide, and they establish a new household based on equality and mutual respect. The chapter explores their domestic life, the continuation of Vera's sewing cooperative, and the development of their relationship as a model of rational love and partnership.
Chapter 74
I
This chapter introduces the background of Katerina Vasílyevna's father, Pólozof, a retired cavalry captain who amassed a fortune through contracts and trade, only to lose it after a quarrel with an important personage. Now in his seventies, he manages a stearine factory and focuses on selling it and arranging a suitable marriage for his daughter.
Chapter 75
II
This chapter introduces Katerina Vasílyevna (Kátya), the only daughter of the wealthy Pólozof. Her father allows her considerable freedom, avoiding strict governesses and permitting her to read and dream undisturbed. Despite many suitors, Kátya remains uninterested in love, but at seventeen she begins to grow thin, pale, and languid.
Chapter 76
III
Kirsánof is called to consult on the mysterious illness of Katerina Vasílyevna, who is wasting away from unspoken love. He wins her trust by speaking candidly and offering to help her die if she wishes, then persuades her to reveal the man's name and agrees to speak with her father, Pólozof, who opposes the match.
Chapter 77
IV
Katerina Vasílyevna's health declines due to her secret attachment to Jean Sólovtsof, whom her father has forbidden her to marry. Despite her love for her father and respect for his judgment, she cannot confess the true cause of her illness, leading to a dangerous state of consumption.
Chapter 78
Chapter V
Kirsánof diagnoses Katerina Vasílyevna Pólozova's illness as stemming from unrequited love for Jean Sólovtsof. He confronts her father, Pólozof, who stubbornly refuses to allow the match, believing death is preferable. Kirsánof devises a risky plan to save her by leveraging her willingness to die, convincing her to take a stand.
Chapter 79
VI
Kirsánof orchestrates a medical consultation to manipulate Pólozof into allowing his daughter to recover from her illness and reconsider her engagement to Sólovtsof. By staging a false diagnosis that she must be given morphine to end her suffering, Kirsánof shocks Pólozof into yielding, then advises him to let his daughter come to her own conclusions. Pólozof agrees and writes to Sólovtsof, who is acknowledged as the bridegroom with a three-month delay.
Chapter 80
VII
Kirsánof helps Katerina Vasílyevna see the true character of her fiancé, Sólovtsof, by subtly guiding conversations that reveal his greed and coldness. She postpones the wedding and breaks off the engagement after Sólovtsof's angry reproaches.
Chapter 81
VIII
Katerina Vasílyevna's melancholy after the Sólovtsof episode leads her to reflect on wealth, poverty, and the deceit of those around her. She finds solace in reading and dreaming of heroines like Geneviève and Miss Nightingale, and feels relief when her father's failure frees her from the false flattery of society.
Chapter 82
IX
Pólozof works to sell his stearine factory and finds a buyer in Charles Beaumont, an agent for a London firm. After lengthy negotiations, Beaumont finally agrees to dine with Pólozof.
Chapter 83
X
Charles Beaumont recounts his background: born in Russia to a French-Canadian family, raised in the Tambof region, later moved to New York after his father's death, and eventually returned to Russia as an agent for an English firm.
Chapter 84
XI
Beaumont dines with Pólozof and his daughter Katerina Vasílyevna, discussing her melancholy and desire for meaningful activity. Katerina expresses frustration with societal constraints on women and her wish to do practical good, beginning with bread before education. Beaumont mentions an experiment in political economy founded by Mrs. Kirsánova, sparking Katerina's interest.
Chapter 85
XII: A Digression Concerning Blue Stockings
The narrator addresses the 'sapient reader' who criticizes blue stockings as dull and tedious. The narrator turns the critique back on the reader, arguing that the true blue stocking is the man who pretentiously discusses literature and science without genuine understanding, and that such men are far more common than women blue stockings. The chapter concludes by distinguishing those who merely affect intellectualism from those who genuinely pursue their own affairs.
Chapter 86
XIII
Beaumont becomes a frequent visitor at the Pólozofs', and Pólozof considers him an excellent match for Katerina Vasílyevna, valuing his character, self-made success, and American citizenship. Beaumont takes a careful step to avoid any conflict of interest in the factory purchase, signaling his serious intentions toward Kátya.
Chapter 87
XIV
Beaumont visits Katerina Vasílyevna, who initially receives him coolly due to suspicion about his interest in the Kirsánofs. Over several visits, she warms to him, finding him sympathetic and understanding. She eventually offers to tell him about the Kirsánofs, but he demurs, indicating his curiosity has lessened.
Chapter 88
XV: Viéra Pavlovna’s Fourth Dream
In her fourth dream, Viéra Pavlovna encounters a radiant goddess who reveals herself as the embodiment of love, freedom, and equality. The goddess explains that she combines the qualities of earlier queens—Astarte, Aphrodite, and 'Chastity'—but surpasses them through the new power of equal rights between lovers. She traces the historical evolution of woman's status from slavery to the dawn of her own reign, first recognized by Rousseau. The dream culminates in a vision of a future where her kingdom spreads over all the earth, and Viéra Pavlovna recognizes the goddess as her own self, transformed by love.
Chapter 89
Chapter XVI
Katerina Vasílyevna, worried by Beaumont's absence, visits him to check on his well-being. He explains he scratched his arm at the factory and stayed away to avoid troubling her. They discuss Thackeray's novel and other topics, and she invites him to meet Viéra Pavlovna. Beaumont promises to visit the next day.
Chapter 90
XVII: A Letter from Ekaterina Vasílyevna Pólozova
Katerina Vasílyevna writes to Paulina about her discovery of a sewing cooperative run by Viéra Pavlovna Kirsánova. She describes her visit to the shop, the living and working conditions of the seamstresses, and the economic principles behind the cooperative, which allow for better quality of life and efficiency. Kirsánof provides a financial breakdown showing how the system benefits the workers.
Chapter 91
Part V: New People, and the Finale
The final part of the novel presents the culmination of the 'new people's' ideals, showing the flourishing of Vera's sewing cooperative, the resolution of the love triangle through Lopukhóf's faked suicide and return as Beaumont, and the introduction of Rakhmétov as the extraordinary revolutionary figure. The chapter celebrates rational egoism, women's emancipation, and the possibility of a utopian future built on enlightened self-interest and collective work.
Chapter 92
I
This chapter introduces the background of Katerina Vasílyevna's father, Pólozof, a retired cavalry captain who amassed a fortune through contracts and trade, only to lose it after a quarrel with an important personage. Now in his seventies, he manages a stearine factory and focuses on selling it and arranging a suitable marriage for his daughter.
Chapter 93
II
This chapter introduces Katerina Vasílyevna (Kátya), the only daughter of the wealthy Pólozof. Her father allows her considerable freedom, avoiding strict governesses and permitting her to read and dream undisturbed. Despite many suitors, Kátya remains uninterested in love, but at seventeen she begins to grow thin, pale, and languid.
Chapter 94
III
Kirsánof is called to consult on the mysterious illness of Katerina Vasílyevna, who is wasting away from unspoken love. He wins her trust by speaking candidly and offering to help her die if she wishes, then persuades her to reveal the man's name and agrees to speak with her father, Pólozof, who opposes the match.
Chapter 95
IV
Katerina Vasílyevna's health declines due to her secret attachment to Jean Sólovtsof, whom her father has forbidden her to marry. Despite her love for her father and respect for his judgment, she cannot confess the true cause of her illness, leading to a dangerous state of consumption.
Chapter 96
Chapter V
Kirsánof diagnoses Katerina Vasílyevna Pólozova's illness as stemming from unrequited love for Jean Sólovtsof. He confronts her father, Pólozof, who stubbornly refuses to allow the match, believing death is preferable. Kirsánof devises a risky plan to save her by leveraging her willingness to die, convincing her to take a stand.
Chapter 97
VI
Kirsánof orchestrates a medical consultation to manipulate Pólozof into allowing his daughter to recover from her illness and reconsider her engagement to Sólovtsof. By staging a false diagnosis that she must be given morphine to end her suffering, Kirsánof shocks Pólozof into yielding, then advises him to let his daughter come to her own conclusions. Pólozof agrees and writes to Sólovtsof, who is acknowledged as the bridegroom with a three-month delay.
Chapter 98
VII
Kirsánof helps Katerina Vasílyevna see the true character of her fiancé, Sólovtsof, by subtly guiding conversations that reveal his greed and coldness. She postpones the wedding and breaks off the engagement after Sólovtsof's angry reproaches.
Chapter 99
VIII
Katerina Vasílyevna's melancholy after the Sólovtsof episode leads her to reflect on wealth, poverty, and the deceit of those around her. She finds solace in reading and dreaming of heroines like Geneviève and Miss Nightingale, and feels relief when her father's failure frees her from the false flattery of society.
Chapter 100
IX
Pólozof works to sell his stearine factory and finds a buyer in Charles Beaumont, an agent for a London firm. After lengthy negotiations, Beaumont finally agrees to dine with Pólozof.
Chapter 101
X
Charles Beaumont recounts his background: born in Russia to a French-Canadian family, raised in the Tambof region, later moved to New York after his father's death, and eventually returned to Russia as an agent for an English firm.
Chapter 102
XI
Beaumont dines with Pólozof and his daughter Katerina Vasílyevna, discussing her melancholy and desire for meaningful activity. Katerina expresses frustration with societal constraints on women and her wish to do practical good, beginning with bread before education. Beaumont mentions an experiment in political economy founded by Mrs. Kirsánova, sparking Katerina's interest.
Chapter 103
XII
Katerina Vasílyevna visits Vera Pavlovna's sewing cooperative and becomes enthusiastic about the enterprise. She shares her impressions with Charles Beaumont, who shows a keen but cautious interest in Vera Pavlovna, asking Katerina not to reveal his inquiries or his desire to meet the Kirsánofs.
Chapter 104
XIII
Beaumont becomes a frequent visitor at the Pólozofs', and Pólozof considers him an excellent match for Katerina Vasílyevna, valuing his character, self-made success, and American citizenship. Beaumont takes a careful step to avoid any conflict of interest in the factory purchase, signaling his serious intentions toward Kátya.
Chapter 105
XIV
Beaumont visits Katerina Vasílyevna, who initially receives him coolly due to suspicion about his interest in the Kirsánofs. Over several visits, she warms to him, finding him sympathetic and understanding. She eventually offers to tell him about the Kirsánofs, but he demurs, indicating his curiosity has lessened.
Chapter 106
XV
Katerina Vasílyevna's enthusiasm for Beaumont deepens into a steady, bright mood, and she believes it draws him closer to her. Beaumont expresses interest in the Kirsánofs but only to confirm their happiness, leading Katerina to conclude that he is not in love with Viéra Pavlovna but possibly with her.
Chapter 107
Chapter XVI
Katerina Vasílyevna, worried by Beaumont's absence, visits him to check on his well-being. He explains he scratched his arm at the factory and stayed away to avoid troubling her. They discuss Thackeray's novel and other topics, and she invites him to meet Viéra Pavlovna. Beaumont promises to visit the next day.
Chapter 108
XVII
The narrator reflects on the unconventional behavior of Katerina Vasílyevna and Charles Beaumont, who interact with a calm, unromantic ease that defies societal norms. Their meetings are free and untroubled, leading the narrator to question whether they are even human or merely 'fish' with cold blood. The narrator expresses frustration that such rational, unexcitable characters make for uninteresting storytelling.
Chapter 109
XVIII
Beaumont and Katerina Vasílyevna engage in a series of conversations about the difficulties women face in making a wise marriage choice due to lack of experience and societal constraints. They discuss the risks of deception, the need for personal trial, and the exceptional nature of Katerina's own character. Pólozof observes their growing intimacy and concludes that a marriage is likely, though their talk remains calm and philosophical.
Chapter 110
XIX
Katerina Vasílyevna visits Vera Pavlovna to announce her impending marriage to Beaumont, revealing that Beaumont came to Petersburg specifically to meet Vera and that he knows her personally. Vera, excited, calls in Aleksandr Kirsanov, and the three share a joyful reunion.
Chapter 111
Chapter XX
Beaumont recounts his life story after arriving in the United States, including his naturalization, alliance with the Abolitionists, and work for a New York firm, providing a narrative that aligns with known events.
Chapter 112
XXI
The Beaumonts and Kirsánofs agree to find adjoining apartments. While waiting, the Beaumonts live at the factory, treating it as a wedding journey. After six weeks, suitable flats are found. Pólozof remains at the factory, enjoying his status as a local patriarch, and frequently hosts gatherings for the circle, including the Kirsánofs and young folks.
Chapter 113
XXII
The chapter describes the harmonious and active lives of two families living in adjoining apartments, with Vera Pavlovna and Katerina Vasilyevna maintaining open doors and shared gatherings. Their sewing cooperatives continue to thrive, and Katerina prepares to pass her medical examinations, while the two women engage in playful debates and musical games with young friends, reflecting their progressive and cooperative domestic arrangement.
Chapter 114
XXIII
A party is held where a lady in mourning appears, causing a brief disturbance. The evening proceeds with singing, dancing, and storytelling, including a ballad about a brigand lover. Viéra Pavlovna and Katerina Vasílyevna share stories, and the lady in mourning eventually retires to rest.
Chapter 115
Part VI: Change of Scenes
The chapter opens with a lady in mourning who has now transformed into a bright pink dress, accompanied by Mosolof, Nikítin, and a man of thirty years. The narrator reveals that the lady first met Nikítin over two years ago, at the same sleighing picnic where she met the Kirsánofs and Beaumonts, placing the events in 1865. The narrator addresses the reader's disbelief and postpones the story until the reader is ready to listen, dated April 4 (16), 1863.
Chapter 116
Endnotes
The endnotes provide translator's commentary and clarifications on various aspects of the novel, including cultural references, Russian customs, linguistic nuances, and historical context. They also highlight Chernyshevsky's prophetic insights on women's education, electric light, aluminum, and socialist ideals, while explaining terms like 'tchin' (rank hierarchy) and Easter traditions.
