The Deluge · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for The Deluge by Henryk Sienkiewicz.
Chapter 1
Remarks on Personages in The Deluge
This chapter provides historical background on key figures in 'The Deluge,' including the lineage of Yan Kazimir and Karl Gustav, the career of Yan Zamoyski, and the identity of the hero Kmita.
Chapter 2
Polish Alphabet
This chapter provides a guide to the transliteration of Polish names and phonetic combinations used in the book, explaining how Polish letters and digraphs correspond to English sounds to aid readers unfamiliar with the language.
Chapter 3
Accent
This chapter explains the general rule of Polish accentuation, noting that most Polish words are accented on the penultimate syllable, with exceptions for foreign names, certain compounds, and words with enclitics. Polish names of men and places typically follow the penult rule.
Chapter 4
Titles of Rank and Address
This chapter explains the hierarchy of military ranks in Poland, specifically the grand hetman and field-hetman, and clarifies the proper translation and usage of terms like 'your worthiness' and the honorifics Pan, Pani, and Panna.
Chapter 5
The Deluge
The chapter depicts the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as 'The Deluge,' focusing on the widespread destruction, the collapse of resistance, and the moral and political turmoil faced by the nobility. Key figures like Prince Yanush Radzivill betray the Commonwealth by allying with Sweden, while others like Kmita and Volodyovski struggle with loyalty, honor, and the fight for national survival.
Chapter 6
I
The chapter introduces the will of Heraclius Billevich, which entrusts his granddaughter Aleksandra (Olenka) to the Lauda nobility and betroths her to Andrei Kmita. It describes the aftermath of the defeat at Shklov, the arrival of Pan Michael Volodyovski, and the state of war and uncertainty in the region.
Chapter 7
II
Andrei Kmita finally arrives at Vodokty to meet his betrothed, Olenka Billevich, after four years of war and absence. Their first encounter is charged with emotion and playful tension, as Kmita's bold, soldierly manner both charms and unsettles Olenka. The chapter ends with Kmita departing into the night, leaving Olenka in a state of joyful yet anxious anticipation.
Chapter 8
III
Pan Andrei Kmita arrives at his estate Lyubich, where his rowdy comrades—outlaws and exiles—have already begun drinking. They celebrate his return and his betrothal to Olenka Billevich, but their revelry quickly degenerates into drunken shooting at the hunting trophies on the walls, damaging the portraits of the Billevich ancestors. The chaos culminates in a wild dance as the men chase the servant girls.
Chapter 9
IV
Kmita brings his fellow soldiers to Vodokty to meet Olenka Billevich, who impresses them with her dignity and beauty. After a formal greeting, they ride together in a sleigh, sharing a passionate moment during the journey.
Chapter 10
V
Olenka, angered by reports of Kmita's debauchery with his comrades, confronts the Lauda nobles who complain about his behavior. She defends Kmita but grows increasingly distressed, feeling betrayed by his association with the Orsha revellers. Meanwhile, Kmita's company stops at a tavern where they encounter the Butryms, leading to tension and mockery. The chapter ends with Olenka resolving to demand that Kmita dismiss his companions.
Chapter 11
VI
Pan Kmita returns to Vodokty with a band of unruly soldiers, alarming Olenka. She confronts him about his violent past and demands he choose between her and his men. Kmita is torn between his love for Olenka and his loyalty to his comrades, leading to a tense argument.
Chapter 12
VII
The aftermath of the battle at Volmontovichi leaves Lauda in mourning. Kmita has vanished, and Olenka struggles with her feelings for him amid the destruction he caused. The region remains tense as war looms, and the nobility debates legal action against Kmita. Eventually, a letter from Kmita arrives for Olenka.
Chapter 13
VIII
Volodyovski leads the Lauda men in an attack on Kmita's stronghold to rescue Olenka. After a tense standoff where Kmita threatens to blow up the house with gunpowder, Volodyovski challenges him to a duel. Volodyovski easily defeats Kmita, disarming and wounding him, but spares his life and orders his wounds dressed. Olenka, though freed, shows concern for Kmita's fate.
Chapter 14
IX
Volodyovski, having rescued Olenka from Kmita, wrestles with his feelings for her and decides to propose marriage. He visits Vodokty to inquire after her health and make his intentions known, despite the looming war.
Chapter 15
X
Volodyovski visits the recovering Kmita, reveals that Olenka refused his own proposal because she loves Kmita, and offers Kmita a military commission from Radzivill to redeem himself through service to the Commonwealth. Kmita, overwhelmed with gratitude and hope, resolves to rise from his sickbed and fight for his country. Volodyovski then goes to Vodokty to inform Olenka, but finds she has departed with her belongings.
Chapter 16
Chapter XI
The nobles of Great Poland assemble near Pila and Uistsie, preparing to face the Swedish army under Arwid Wittemberg. Despite initial disorganization and lack of discipline, a volunteer cavalry detachment under Pan Skorashevski and Pan Skshetuski successfully captures Swedish prisoners, boosting morale. However, the mood turns to despair when Pan Vladyslav Skorashevski bursts from a council meeting shouting 'Treason!', revealing that the dignitaries have agreed to surrender the province to Sweden and renounce the Polish king. He and others call the nobles to arms to save the fatherland.
Chapter 17
XII
In the district of Lukovo, Pan Zagloba is playing with the two young sons of Yan Skshetuski, Yaremka and Longinek, when news of the Swedish invasion and the treason at Uistsie arrives via Pan Stanislav Skshetuski. The Skshetuski brothers and Zagloba discuss the dire state of the Commonwealth, the betrayal by Radzeyovski and the nobles who signed the pact, and plan their next move. They consider going to Warsaw to join the king, but Zagloba advises instead to join the forces of Prince Yanush Radzivill in Lithuania, where Pan Michael Volodyovski is serving. They decide to take Yan's wife Helena and children to safety in the wilderness of Byalovyej, then proceed to Radzivill's banners.
Chapter 18
XIII
The knights discuss the political turmoil and the impending Swedish war, with news of Prince Radzivill's suspicious actions, including the arrest of Pan Gosyevski and Pan Yudytski. Harasimovich brings dire reports of Swedish advances and the king's flight, while the group decides to travel to Kyedani to meet the prince. Volodyovski also shares his unrequited love for Olenka Billevich.
Chapter 19
XIV
Prince Radzivill extracts a solemn oath of loyalty from Kmita on the crucifix, binding him to the hetman until death. Kmita, bewildered by the prince's dark hints about treason and approaching trials, nevertheless swears allegiance. Later, at a grand ball in Kyedani, Kmita spots Olenka Billevich among the guests and is overwhelmed by longing and regret. Radzivill, meanwhile, moves graciously among the nobles, hinting at his plans and preparing the ground for Kmita's marriage to Olenka.
Chapter 20
Chapter XV
Prince Yanush Radzivill, after a long consultation with the voevoda of Venden and Swedish envoys, faces the consequences of his treaty with Karl Gustav. His plan to announce it during a feast backfires as most nobles and officers protest, calling him a traitor. He fears losing his army and significance, and in his turmoil, he tries to persuade Andrei Kmita to support his cause, revealing his grand ambitions for Lithuania and his house.
Chapter 21
XVI
Zagloba and his companions are imprisoned in the dungeon of Kyedani Castle after Zagloba called Hetman Radzivill a traitor. They debate their fate, with Volodyovski torn between loyalty to the hetman and the country, while Zagloba schemes for escape. The chapter depicts the mutiny in the army and the moral chaos of Radzivill's treason.
Chapter 22
XVII
Kmita successfully defeats the Hungarian and dragoon forces at Kyedani, but is troubled by the violence against fellow Poles. He pleads with Radzivill to spare the lives of Volodyovski, the Skshetuskis, and the old noble who called Radzivill a traitor. After a tense confrontation, Radzivill relents and agrees to send them to Birji instead of executing them. Radzivill then orders Kmita to bring Pan Billevich and his niece Olenka to Kyedani as hostages.
Chapter 23
XVIII
Captive colonels, including Volodyovski, Mirski, and Stankyevich, are transported by Roh Kovalski toward Birji. They debate Radzivill's treason and discuss Zagloba's cunning escape. Meanwhile, news of the hetman's betrayal spreads, causing unrest in Jmud. Radzivill prepares to crush the rebellion, and the prisoners are moved to a more secure location.
Chapter 24
XIX
Volodyovski leads the Lauda men in an attack on Swedish soldiers plundering a village. After a brief but fierce battle, the Swedes are defeated. Zagloba proposes a cunning plan to release the prisoners and claim they are Radzivill's men, aiming to sow discord between the Swedes and the traitor hetman. Roh Kovalski is persuaded to renounce Radzivill and serve the country.
Chapter 25
XX
In Lithuania, civil war erupts as the army divides over Radzivill's treason. Volodyovski and his officers decide to head to Podlyasye to join confederated squadrons, but must evade Radzivill's forces. Meanwhile, Radzivill, enraged by the battle of Klavany and Swedish accusations, pursues Volodyovski relentlessly. Kmita receives orders to secure Billeviche and bring Olenka and the sword-bearer to Kyedani, though he secretly hopes to avoid force. Volodyovski skillfully evades the hetman's trap at Nyevyaja, but the situation grows dire.
Chapter 26
XXI
Zagloba reveals Radzivill's betrayal to Kmita, who is shocked and leaves. The group debates Kmita's fate, with Volodyovski condemning him as a traitor and ordering his execution. Olenka remains silent and later collapses. Billevich is urged to flee to Podlyasye. Meanwhile, Kmita attempts to persuade Billevich to go to Kyedani under Radzivill's protection, but Olenka refuses, preferring death to infamy.
Chapter 27
XXII
Radzivill returns to Kyedani and confronts Kmita about his failed mission and the discovery of the prince's treacherous letter. Kmita reproaches Radzivill for his deceit, leading to a violent argument that triggers the prince's asthma attack. Later, Kmita learns that Olenka and the sword-bearer have been brought to Kyedani as prisoners. Tormented by Olenka's coldness and silence during his earlier trial, Kmita struggles with his loyalty to Radzivill and his personal anguish. Meanwhile, the political situation deteriorates as Volodyovski's escape strengthens the confederates in Podlyasye, and the voevoda of Vityebsk gathers forces against Radzivill.
Chapter 28
XXIII
At a grand banquet hosted by Hetman Radzivill, the nobility and military gather under duress to show support for his alliance with Sweden. Radzivill announces victories for the Swedes, including the fall of Warsaw, causing unease among the guests. Amidst the tension, Andrei Kmita and Olenka Billevich struggle with their personal conflict, each wrestling with feelings of love, pride, and condemnation.
Chapter 29
XXIV
Prince Radzivill, gravely ill, reveals his political duplicity to Kmita, explaining that his alliance with Sweden is conditional and that he may turn against the Swedes if fortune shifts. He sends Kmita on a mission to Prince Boguslav and then to King Karl Gustav, instructing him to spread false rumors, observe key magnates, and propose a marriage alliance to win over Lyubomirski. Kmita, torn between love for Olenka and his duty, agrees to leave immediately, and Radzivill promises to protect Olenka.
Chapter 30
XXV
Kmita prepares to depart from Kyedani as an envoy to Prince Boguslav Radzivill and the Swedish court. He selects a small escort of loyal men, including Soroka, and receives letters and a pass from Prince Yanush Radzivill. During a farewell drinking session with Ganhoff and Kharlamp, discussions touch on Prince Boguslav's French manners, the shifting allegiances of the Commonwealth, and the nature of love and forgetting. Kmita then seeks a final, emotional meeting with Olenka Billevich, where they exchange forgiveness and sorrowful farewells, though Olenka urges him to abandon the traitors. Kmita departs into the night, leaving Olenka in tears.
Chapter 31
XXVI
Kmita travels through a war-torn Lithuania, witnessing the devastation and hearing the people's desperate hopes that Prince Radzivill and the Swedes will save them. He struggles with inner conflict but reaffirms his loyalty to Radzivill, believing in the prince's grand vision. At Pilvishki, he meets Prince Boguslav Radzivill, who openly discusses his cynical political maneuvers, including feigning support for Yan Kazimir while secretly aiding the Swedes and plotting against confederates. Kmita, testing Boguslav's honesty, learns that Radzivill's talk of the Commonwealth's good is merely a pretext, and that the Radzivills ultimately seek their own dynastic power.
Chapter 32
XXVII
Kmita confronts Prince Boguslav Radzivill, accusing him and the Radzivills of treason against the Commonwealth. He reveals how he was deceived by Prince Yanush Radzivill into serving their cause, but after discovering their plans to poison soldiers and conspire with enemies, he captured Boguslav. Kmita declares he will break his oath rather than continue serving treason, and he possesses incriminating letters. Boguslav attempts to negotiate his release, but Kmita refuses.
Chapter 33
Chapter XXVIII
Kmita, having lost Boguslav and the incriminating letters, finds himself in a desperate situation: branded a traitor by all factions, with Olenka's safety at risk. He wrestles with guilt and rage, vowing vengeance against the Radzivills while seeking a path to redemption. Soroka discovers a hidden cabin and horses, but a gunshot signals approaching pursuers.
Chapter 34
XXIX
Kmita, wounded and in despair, wrestles with his conscience over his past sins and service to traitors. He prays fervently for guidance and mercy, then resolves to seek the king. He encounters the Kyemliches, a family of former soldiers turned robbers, and interrogates them about their activities. Learning that Pan Volodyovski's squadron is quartered in Shchuchyn, he decides to go there.
Chapter 35
The Disguised Journey
Kmita, disguised as Babinich, plans a secret journey to find King Yan Kazimir in Silesia, accompanied by old Kyemlich and his men. They adopt the guise of petty nobles traveling to fairs to avoid Swedish detection, with Kmita concealing his true identity and intentions.
Chapter 36
Chapter XXXI
Kmita, disguised as a horse-dealer, encounters Pan Jendzian of Vansosh, who mistakes him for a subordinate and offers him protection. Their conversation reveals Kmita's true identity when Yuzva Butrym recognizes him. A fight ensues, and Kmita kills several confederates before fleeing. He gives Jendzian a ring as a sign for Volodyovski, advising the confederates to stay together against Radzivill. Kmita struggles with guilt over killing men he would rather fight alongside, but resolves to continue to the king.
Chapter 37
XXXII
Jendzian arrives in Shchuchyn and reports to Volodyovski, Skshetuski, and Zagloba that Kmita has attacked and severely beaten a party of Volodyovski's men. Kmita, traveling in disguise, warns the confederates through Jendzian that Prince Yanush Radzivill is preparing to march against them with Swedish reinforcements and urges them to unite. Despite the violence, Kmita's advice is seen as sincere, and the confederates debate its merits.
Chapter 38
XXXIII
The confederate squadrons in Podlyasye, scattered and weakened by inactivity, are roused by Volodyovski's letters about Radzivill's impending attack. Colonels assemble at Byalystok, and Zagloba emerges as a key figure, proposing a manifesto to confiscate Radzivill property, raise funds, and send letters to the king and Hovanski. The chapter ends with the arrival of eight-pound cannons, boosting morale.
Chapter 39
XXXIV
Prince Yanush Radzivill delays his campaign into Podlyasye, awaiting Swedish reinforcements from Pontus de la Gardie, who deliberately makes him feel his dependence. Meanwhile, Prince Boguslav Radzivill proposes using Olenka Billevich as a hostage to force Kmita to surrender compromising letters. The cousins discuss Kmita's dangerous nature and the need to retrieve the letters, with Boguslav offering to take Olenka to Tanrogi. News arrives that the confederates, now led by Zagloba, have united and fortified at Byalystok, prompting Yanush to finally order his forces to march.
Chapter 40
XXXV
Prince Yanush Radzivill receives a letter from Sapyeha urging him to abandon the Swedish alliance and instead raise the general militia against the Swedes. Yanush and Boguslav discuss the letter, with Yanush initially considering Sapyeha's advice but ultimately deciding to march against Sapyeha. Boguslav later publicly denounces Kmita, claiming he plotted to kidnap or kill the exiled King Yan Kazimir, a charge Olenka Billevich vehemently denies.
Chapter 41
Chapter XXXVI
Kmita travels through Swedish-occupied Poland, witnessing the degradation of the country and the collaboration of many nobles. He confronts a noble about the treatment of heretics and the betrayal of the Commonwealth, and later argues with nobles in an inn about their oaths to King Yan Kazimir. He is captured by a Swedish patrol but released after explaining his business.
Chapter 42
XXXVII
Pan Andrei Kmita observes the Swedish occupation of Warsaw, witnessing the plunder of palaces, the presence of foreign mercenaries, and the collaboration of Polish nobles. He learns of widespread despair and betrayal, but also hears of secret resistance among the common people. After defending Pan Lushchevski from Swedish marauders, he visits a starosta who shares a prophecy of doom and hope. A young lady, Olenka, gives him a ducat for a Mass for a sinful Andrei, startling Kmita with the coincidence.
Chapter 43
XXXVIII
Kmita overhears Count Veyhard denouncing the Polish people to Baron Lisola, accusing them of venality, disorder, and lack of virtue. Veyhard reveals plans to occupy the monastery of Yasna Gora on behalf of the Swedish king, despite being a Catholic. Kmita, tormented by the truth in Veyhard's words and his own despair, suffers a feverish night blending thoughts of Olenka and the country's ruin. At dawn, he rides on, seeing a strange light on the horizon.
Chapter 44
XXXIX
Kmita, under the alias Babinich, arrives at Yasna Gora and warns Prior Kordetski and the assembled nobles of an imminent Swedish attack led by Count Veyhard. His warning is met with skepticism and harsh questioning, particularly from Pyotr Charnyetski. Despite his frustration, Kmita maintains his composure, offers precious jewels to the monastery, and seeks confession, demonstrating his penitent transformation.
Chapter 45
XL
The Swedish forces under Count Veyhard arrive at Yasna Gora and demand the surrender of the cloister. Kmita, alongside Charnyetski, witnesses the Swedish blasphemies and, after the enemy fires the first shot, kills two horsemen with his bow. The prior Kordetski blesses the cannon, and Father Dobrosh fires a successful shot that disperses the Swedes. The Swedes retreat to Kjepitsi. Later, a Swedish trumpeter delivers a letter from Count Veyhard offering protection in exchange for surrender. Kordetski convenes a council where Zamoyski inspires the defenders, and an old beggar woman's hymn is taken as a divine omen. The monks reject the Swedish terms, and the Swedes begin burning buildings around Saint Barbara's church, leading to the first skirmishes.
Chapter 46
XLI
Peace reigns at Yasna Gora as the monks and defenders prepare for the Swedish siege. Kordetski inspires faith and calm, while Miller and his officers debate the attack. Sadovski warns of the consequences of assaulting the sacred cloister, but Count Veyhard pushes for action. The decision to attack is made, and news reaches the monastery. Kordetski strengthens the defenders' resolve, and the garrison burns surrounding buildings to clear the field. Winter approaches, and Miller hurries to begin the siege with nine thousand troops and nineteen guns.
Chapter 47
XLII
The siege of Yasna Gora continues as the monks use diplomatic negotiations to delay the Swedes while preparing their defenses. Despite heavy bombardment, the cloister remains largely undamaged, and the defenders' morale is bolstered by faith and the leadership of Prior Kordetski. The Swedish commander Miller grows frustrated as his attacks fail to break the monastery's spirit. Kmita considers a night sortie against the Swedish trenches.
Chapter 48
XLIII
Miller resumes negotiations with the cloister, sending a Polish noble who falsely claims King Yan Kazimir has abdicated in favor of Karl Gustav, sowing doubt among the defenders. Kordetski counters the despair with faith, while Kmita confronts the traitor Kuklinovski privately, beating him after Kuklinovski sets aside his envoy status to urge surrender. Kmita later reports to Kordetski that Kuklinovski confirmed news of the Khan's support, Great Poland's rising, and Sapyeha's victory over Radzivill.
Chapter 49
XLIV
Pan Sladkovski arrives at the monastery as Miller's envoy but instead delivers news of a growing national uprising against the Swedes, the Khan's advance with Hmelnitski, and the imminent return of King Yan Kazimir. He urges the defenders to hold firm. Meanwhile, the Swedes receive heavy siege guns and bombard the fortress with unprecedented fury. In a daring night sortie, Babinich (Kmita) blows up the largest Swedish cannon, causing a massive explosion that throws the Swedish camp into chaos, though he does not return to the fortress afterward.
Chapter 50
XLV
Kmita, having blown up the Swedish siege-gun, is captured and brought before Miller. He reveals his true identity as Andrei Kmita, a renowned Polish colonel. Kuklinovski, seeking personal vengeance, persuades Miller to hand Kmita over to him, leading to Kmita's imminent execution.
Chapter 51
XLVI
After the bursting of the giant culverin, Miller and the Swedish commanders despair of capturing the fortress. A council debates the failed siege, and Count Veyhard proposes a ransom to allow the Swedes to retreat with honor. Meanwhile, the Polish defenders celebrate Christmas and Saint Stephen's Day with defiant cannon fire, and the Swedish soldiers grow increasingly demoralized.
Chapter 52
The Awakening of the Nation
The chapter describes the widespread uprising of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Swedish occupation. After initial submission, the nation is roused by the defense of Yasna Gora and King Yan Kazimir's manifestos. Nobles and peasants alike begin to resist, forming 'parties' and attacking Swedish garrisons. The Swedes respond with brutal repression, but the resistance grows, marking a turning point in the war.
Chapter 53
XLVIII
Kmita, under the alias Babinich, arrives at the king's court and is deeply moved by the suffering and majesty of King Yan Kazimir. He delivers news of the successful defense of Chenstohova and the growing resistance against the Swedes, but is horrified when the king reveals that Prince Boguslav Radzivill accused a certain 'Kmita' of plotting to betray him. Kmita collapses from shock and exhaustion, and after recovering, passionately argues for the king's return to Poland, convincing the court of the people's readiness to revolt.
Chapter 54
XLIX
Pan Andrei Kmita, tormented by Boguslav Radzivill's betrayal and the shame brought upon him, struggles between his desire for revenge and his commitment to serve King Yan Kazimir. The king, preparing to return to Poland, convenes a council where the primate delivers a powerful speech condemning the license and disorder that have weakened the Commonwealth, advocating for a strengthening of royal power. After deliberation, it is decided that the king will travel through the mountains to Lyubovlya, and Kmita advises caution against Swedish scouts.
Chapter 55
Chapter L
King Yan Kazimir and his retinue journey through the Carpathians toward Jivyets. Kmita, under suspicion from Tyzenhauz and others due to his past association with Radzivill, struggles with his desire to confess to the king but resolves to prove his loyalty through deeds. He captures a Swedish horseman, clearing the way and earning Tyzenhauz's apology. The king crosses into Poland, prays on the snowy ground, and the chapter ends with a fire sighted ahead, possibly Jivyets burning.
Chapter 56
LI
King Yan Kazimir's party, including Kmita and the Kyemliches, is ambushed by a Swedish detachment in a mountain pass. Kmita and the Kyemliches heroically hold off the Swedes, but are overwhelmed. Just as the king's group faces certain defeat, mountaineers descend from the cliffs, slaughtering the Swedes and saving the king. The party then travels through treacherous mountain terrain, avoiding Swedish forces, and receives loyal support from the mountaineers.
Chapter 57
LII
King Yan Kazimir travels through the mountains, gathering support from mountaineers and nobles. He meets Voynillovich, who reports victories over the Swedes and a growing national resistance. The king is greeted by Marshal Lyubomirski with a grand military display and a feast, where plans for war and alliances with the Tartars are discussed.
Chapter 58
LIII
King Yan Kazimir visits the wounded Andrei Kmita in Lyubovlya. Kmita confesses his true identity as the outlaw who served Radzivill and betrayed the country, but now seeks forgiveness. He recounts his past deeds, including his attack on Hovanski, his service under Radzivill, and his conversion after seeing Boguslav Radzivill's treachery. He denies ever plotting to kidnap the king, attributing the accusation to Boguslav's revenge for Kmita's attempt to capture him. The king, moved by Kmita's confession and service at Yasna Gora, offers conditional forgiveness.
Chapter 59
LIV
King Yan Kazimir advances through various towns, gathering legions of lords, nobles, and armed peasants. The movement becomes universal as manifestoes call for a general militia. The confederation of Tyshovtsi is formed, with hetmans and the army abandoning the Swedes. The king receives the act of union, which condemns Karl Gustav's perfidy and declares a war of life or death. The manifesto opens nobility to plebeians, signaling reform. Envoys report that the voevoda of Vityebsk (Sapyeha) besieges the traitor Radzivill at Tykotsin, and Charnyetski moves against the Swedes. A noble from Chenstohova brings news of the Swedes' absence from the monastery.
Chapter 60
LV
Zagloba, emboldened by drink, threatens to lead half the army from Tykotsin to relieve Chenstohova, causing alarm among the officers. Volodyovski rebukes him, and after a heated exchange they reconcile. Sapyeha departs for Tyshovtsi, leaving Oskyerko in charge of the siege, and orders that Radzivill's life be spared. The conversation turns to Volodyovski's romantic interests, including Olenka Billevich and Anusia Borzobogati. The chapter ends with news of a planned petard explosion against the castle.
Chapter 61
LVI
Prince Yanush Radzivill, the great traitor, lies dying in Tykotsin Castle, besieged by Sapyeha's forces. His life burns out as he reflects on his fall from power, his betrayal of the Commonwealth, and the abandonment by his allies, including Boguslav Radzivill and King Karl Gustav. In his final moments, he clutches an image of the Most Holy Lady. After his death, Pan Michael Volodyovski and the soldiers discover his body, and Kharlamp, his loyal officer, surrenders, moved by his love for the prince. Zagloba and Volodyovski show reverence for the dead.
Chapter 62
LVII
King Yan Kazimir arrives in Lvoff, which becomes the de facto capital of the Commonwealth. The city swells with nobles, clergy, peasants, and foreign embassies, all rallying against the Swedish invasion. The king makes a solemn vow in the cathedral to improve the condition of peasants and to honor the Virgin Mary, sparking widespread enthusiasm and hope for victory.
Chapter 63
LVIII
News of the Tyshovtsi confederation spreads, and Wittemberg's manifesto backfires, increasing resistance. King Yan Kazimir receives Volodyovski, who reports the death of Yanush Radzivill and the fall of Tykotsin. The king reveals that Babinich is actually Kmita, now a hero of Chenstohova, and reconciles him with Volodyovski. Kmita and Volodyovski embrace, and the king prepares to send Volodyovski to aid Charnyetski.
Chapter 64
LIX
Kmita, still weak and tormented by the loss of Olenka, meets with Volodyovski and other knights. They welcome him as a hero after learning of his services at Chenstohova and his capture of Prince Boguslav. Kharlamp provides news that Olenka is likely safe in Taurogi with Yanush Radzivill's widow. The knights advise Kmita to join Charnyetski to confront Boguslav. The chapter ends with a Tartar chambul arriving in Lvov as allies, and Kmita resolves to ask the king for command of them.
Chapter 65
LX
Kmita prepares for a new expedition to hunt down Boguslav Radzivill and rouse Jmud against the Swedes. He receives the king's blessing and a ring for Olenka, then dispatches Soroka to Taurogi to gather intelligence. After obtaining his commission and meeting with Suba Gazi Bey, he takes command of Akbah Ulan's Tartar chambul, despite the latter's initial haughtiness. Volodyovski bids him farewell, and Kmita sets off northward.
Chapter 66
LXI
Kmita, leading a chambul of Tartars, maintains strict discipline to prevent plunder and violence, earning both fear and love from his men. They arrive at the fortress of Zamost, where Kmita meets Pan Zamoyski, Princess Griselda Vishnyevetski, and her son. Zamoyski proposes that Kmita escort Anusia Borzobogati to Pan Sapyeha to secure her inheritance, a plan that Princess Griselda initially resists due to concerns about propriety and safety.
Chapter 67
LXII
Princess Griselda, concerned about her son Michael's affection for Anusia, permits her departure under Kmita's escort to Pan Sapyeha. Zamoyski secretly plots to reclaim Anusia by sending a letter ordering her return, but Kmita sees through the ruse, summons his Tartars, and overpowers the escort, flogging them and continuing the journey.
Chapter 68
LXIII
Kmita arrives at Sapyeha's camp in Byala, bearing letters from the king and a hetman's baton. He is disguised and unrecognized due to his changed appearance. Sapyeha receives him warmly and defends his past actions against Boguslav's calumny, preparing the army to accept him. The chapter also covers the general uprising in Poland, the organization of forces, and the departure of Anusia to Grodno.
Chapter 69
LXIV
Sapyeha's camp at Byala receives Prince Michael Kazimir Radzivill, a patriotic magnate who opposes Boguslav. Kmita, leading Tartars, harasses Boguslav's retreating army by moving ahead of it, cutting supplies and bridges, and spreading confusion. Sapyeha initially doubts Kmita's actions but later receives prisoners and a letter confirming Boguslav's desperation, prompting a rapid advance.
Chapter 70
LXV
Kmita reports on Boguslav's movements, and the two armies face each other near Sokolka. Sapyeha praises Kmita's relentless pursuit. Sakovich arrives as an envoy from Boguslav, proposing terms, but the negotiations are tense. Kmita learns that his old servant Soroka has been captured and tortured, and he pleads with Sapyeha to help rescue him. Sapyeha detains Sakovich as a hostage and sends Kmita with a safe-conduct to Boguslav.
Chapter 71
LXVI
Kmita confronts Prince Boguslav Radzivill to plead for the release of his soldier Soroka, who is condemned to death. Despite Kmita's desperate offers and pleas, Boguslav mocks and threatens him. Later, at the execution, Kmita rallies the soldiers against Boguslav, denouncing him as a traitor, and leads a mutiny that frees Soroka and brings the troops over to the hetman's side.
Chapter 72
LXVII
Kmita returns safely to Sapyeha with horsemen and his servant, recounting his escape from Prince Boguslav. Sapyeha advises leaving vengeance to God. Despite exhaustion, Kmita rides to his Tartars under Akbah Ulan, who have blocked Boguslav's retreat by burning bridges and cutting dams. Kmita devises a risky night crossing of the Kamyonka River to flank Boguslav's entrenched infantry. The Tartars and volunteers cross the swampy river, bypass the trenches, and launch a surprise attack, overwhelming the infantry. After the battle, Sapyeha receives a letter from Charnyetski calling for aid against the Swedish king. Kmita sets aside his personal vendetta to join the national cause.
Chapter 73
LXVIII
Karl Gustav, frustrated by the Polish uprising and the return of Yan Kazimir, marches south to crush resistance. Charnyetski employs guerrilla tactics, harassing the Swedes. At Golamb, a fierce battle occurs; Volodyovski and Polish squadrons initially rout the Swedes, but Karl Gustav's main force arrives, forcing Charnyetski to retreat. The Swedes claim victory, believing Charnyetski is finished, and march on with renewed confidence.
Chapter 74
LXIX
King Karl Gustav marches toward Zamost, seeking to capture the fortress as a strategic base. He gathers intelligence on its owner, Sobiepan Zamoyski, and considers offers of an independent principality to secure his surrender. Meanwhile, Charnyetski sends two squadrons to Zamost to rest and recruit. Zamoyski receives them hospitably, and Princess Griselda Vishnyevetski is emotionally reunited with Pan Yan Skshetuski and Pan Michael Volodyovski, reminiscing about the past. Zagloba, Volodyovski, and Skshetuski prepare for the Swedish advance, with Zagloba boosting morale and bonding with Zamoyski.
Chapter 75
LXX
The Swedish army, led by King Karl Gustav, arrives at Zamost and begins a siege. Zamoyski, with the support of his officers including Zagloba and Roh Kovalski, refuses to surrender despite heavy cannonading. After days of bombardment, the Swedes withdraw, and Zamoyski's forces pursue them. The chapter highlights the resilience of the Polish defenders and the strategic importance of Zamost.
Chapter 76
LXXI
King Karl Gustav of Sweden, growing anxious about the elusive Polish commander Charnyetski, sends Colonel Kanneberg with a thousand elite cavalry across the San River to locate King Yan Kazimir. The Swedish force marches into a trap: Charnyetski's cavalry, led by Volodyovski, ambushes them near Vyelki Ochi. In the ensuing rout, the Swedes are slaughtered almost without mercy. Volodyovski personally defeats Kanneberg in single combat, cutting him down with a masterful sabre stroke. The chapter ends with the Polish forces victorious and the Swedish survivors scattered or dead.
Chapter 77
LXXII
The Swedish army, suffering from hunger and demoralization, begins a retreat from Yaroslav under King Karl Gustav. Polish forces under Charnyetski pursue them relentlessly. Meanwhile, Charnyetski sends envoys, including Pan Yan Skshetuski and Zagloba, to negotiate with Pan Lyubomirski, who is marching with his army. Zagloba's flattery wins Lyubomirski's favor, and he agrees to serve under Charnyetski's command, though Charnyetski remains wary of Lyubomirski's ambition.
Chapter 78
LXXIII
Charnyetski, troubled by the possibility of Lyubomirski's pride preventing a joint attack on the Swedes, anxiously awaits the marshal's response to his letter. After a tense wait, the envoys return with Lyubomirski's agreement to join forces, and the combined armies march under Charnyetski's command. They launch fierce attacks on the Swedish rearguard, causing panic and heavy losses. Karl Gustav struggles to maintain order as Polish troops and peasant uprisings wear down the Swedish army. Lyubomirski, despite his pride, proves a capable ally, while Charnyetski's relentless pursuit drives the Swedes into a desperate retreat.
Chapter 79
LXXIV
King Yan Kazimir advances with his army between the San and Vistula rivers, pursued by Charnyetski, Vitovski, and Lyubomirski. The Swedes, under Karl Gustav, fortify themselves in a triangular position between the two rivers, hoping for supplies from Sandomir. Charnyetski crosses the Vistula, gathers a peasant force, and storms Sandomir, driving the Swedes into the castle. The Swedish commander Schinkler sets a trap with gunpowder, causing a massive explosion that kills over five hundred Poles, but Sandomir remains in Polish hands. The Swedish army is now besieged between the rivers. Charnyetski meets with Sapyeha to coordinate the siege, while Zagloba, Volodyovski, and Kmita discuss the situation. Roh Kovalski attempts a reckless raid to capture a Swedish sentry and disappears, presumed dead.
Chapter 80
LXXV
Envoys from Charnyetski, including Volodyovski, Kmita, and Zagloba, meet King Karl Gustav to negotiate the release of Roh Kovalski. The king is amused by Roh's defiance and strength, and after a tense exchange, agrees to free him. The envoys observe the Swedish camp and discuss military tactics.
Chapter 81
LXXVI
Nearly twenty days pass as King Yan Kazimir remains at the river fork, sending couriers for reinforcements while the Swedish army under Karl Gustav suffers from hunger and despair. The Polish resistance intensifies across Great Poland, Mazovia, and Podlyasye, with nobles and peasants rising against the Swedes. However, news of Marienburg's surrender to Steinbock and the march of the Markgraf of Baden threatens the Polish position. A council of Polish leaders decides that Sapyeha will watch Karl while Charnyetski moves against the Markgraf. Charnyetski leads a daring cavalry charge across the Pilitsa River, inspiring his men to swim across and attack the Swedish forces, resulting in a brief but fierce battle. The chapter ends with Charnyetski preparing to confront the Markgraf's army near Varka.
Chapter 82
LXXVII
Charnyetski learns that Karl Gustav has escaped the Lithuanian trap and is marching toward Warsaw. Kharlamp delivers the news and recounts Sapyeha's feasting and poor judgment. Charnyetski orders Volodyovski and his Lauda squadron to return to the Lithuanian army, causing great distress.
Chapter 83
LXXVIII
Zagloba returns to Hetman Sapyeha's camp and engages in witty banter about the campaign. Sapyeha prepares to march to Warsaw, where the Swedes have fortified the city and caused immense suffering among the populace. Despite the dire situation, Sapyeha indulges in nightly feasts, neglecting military discipline. Kmita is torn between a scouting mission and attending Sapyeha's feast, but ultimately decides to attend.
Chapter 84
LXXIX
The sortie partially succeeds as Boguslav's division enters the city. Pan Sapyeha suffers from a new 'confusion' that could harm his reputation. Kmita, impatient to interrogate the captured Scot Hassling about Taurogi, is sent on a scouting expedition. Hassling falls ill, and Zagloba relays that Boguslav is with the king's brother at a fortified camp on the Narev and Bug. The king arrives with his army, warmly embraces Sapyeha, and the armies exchange joyful shouts. Meanwhile, the king blesses Babinich (Kmita) holding a dangerous position under heavy Swedish bombardment.
Chapter 85
LXXX
The chapter details the ongoing siege of Warsaw, with heavy fighting and the arrival of reinforcements including Pan Yan Zamoyski and Pan Charnyetski. Kmita is praised by the king for his defense of a key position. Meanwhile, Hassling (Kettling) recounts the story of Prince Boguslav Radzivill's obsessive pursuit of Olenka Billevich, her refusal of his marriage proposal, and the subsequent intrigue at Taurogi involving Panna Anusia Borzobogati.
Chapter 86
LXXXI
The chapter describes the surrender of Warsaw to King Yan Kazimir, the departure of the Swedish garrison under Wittemberg, and the subsequent storming of the city by Polish forces. It highlights the tension between the king's desire to honor the capitulation agreement and the fury of the general militia, who nearly attack Wittemberg. Zagloba incites a riot but escapes punishment, and the king eventually pardons him.
Chapter 87
LXXXII
Prince Boguslav Radzivill is consumed by a fierce desire for Olenka Billevich, but is restrained by superstitious fears, political calculations, and self-love. He confides in Pan Sakovich, who suggests drugging her, but Boguslav hesitates due to a dream of Heraclius Billevich and fear of scandal. Meanwhile, Olenka, unaware of his true intentions, admires Boguslav as a noble hero and considers fleeing to the Byalovyej wilderness for safety, remembering Pan Volodyovski as a protector. She remains steadfast in her virtue, seeing Boguslav as unattainable due to their difference in social class.
Chapter 88
LXXXIII
The sword-bearer of Rossyeni returns to find his estate destroyed and learns of Boguslav Radzivill's treacherous intentions toward Olenka. He and Olenka plan to escape and raise a partisan force against the Swedes. Meanwhile, Boguslav and Sakovich conspire to force a secret marriage between Boguslav and Olenka through a false priest, exploiting the urgency of Boguslav's impending campaign against Sapyeha.
Chapter 89
LXXXIV
Prince Boguslav Radzivill visits Tomash Billevich to apologize for his previous outburst and to ask for the hand of Olenka Billevich in marriage. He presents himself as a patriot working for peace with Sweden, and convinces the sword-bearer to agree to a secret marriage to avoid complications with his political negotiations. The prince then conspires with Sakovich to arrange the ceremony quickly.
Chapter 90
LXXXV
Prince Boguslav Radzivill recovers from a severe illness and decides to march for Podlyasye despite his weakness. He and Sakovich discuss their failed schemes, suspecting supernatural interference from Olenka's aunt. Boguslav reveals his plan to seize Billevich's buried money under the pretext of war requisition. A council of war is held, and the army prepares to march. Billevich receives a letter from Boguslav cynically accepting the offered money, causing outrage. Olenka remains defiant.
Chapter 91
LXXXVI
Olenka and her uncle Billevich plan their escape from Taurogi, but are hindered by Kettling's refusal to break his oath of service. News of Boguslav's victories over Sapyeha and Horotkyevich deepens Olenka's despair, but rumors of the miraculous defense of Chenstohova restore their hope and faith in divine intervention.
Chapter 92
LXXXVII
An officer, Pan Byes, brings news of Prince Boguslav Radzivill's disastrous campaign in Podlyasye, where a force led by Babinich (Andrei Kmita) has been harrying his troops. Anusia reacts with joy at Babinich's success, while Olenka is troubled by the name Andrei, recalling a traitor. The chapter also depicts the tense atmosphere in Taurogi as they await news of Boguslav's fate, with Kettling offering cautious analysis.
Chapter 93
LXXXVIII
Two weeks after Boguslav's defeat at Yanov, his shattered troops straggle into Taurogi. Kettling warns Olenka of potential danger from the defeated prince, but Boguslav arrives without incident. The prince and Sakovich discuss plans: Sakovich will remain as commandant, hang mutineers, raise infantry, and pursue marriage with Anusia Borzobogati. Boguslav, though feverish, manipulates Anusia into trusting Sakovich, praising him as a protector.
Chapter 94
LXXXIX
Sakovich receives a letter from Prince Boguslav Radzivill detailing the Swedish setbacks, the loss of Warsaw, and the threat posed by Babinich. Boguslav advises Sakovich to secure his assets and flee to Birji. Sakovich, terrified of Babinich's approach, decides to remain in Taurogi. Meanwhile, Anusia conspires with Braun to escape with Olenka, revealing that Babinich is marching toward them. Olenka prays for Babinich's success.
Chapter 95
XC
Kmita navigates through Swedish forces near Warsaw, evading capture by Radzeyovski, Radzivill, and Douglas. He conducts guerrilla attacks, cutting down Swedish troops and wagons. Boguslav sets a trap for Kmita, but Kmita escapes and later joins Gosyevski's division. Kmita meets with Zagloba and Volodyovski, who discuss the war's prospects and prophesy eventual Polish victory.
Chapter 96
XCI
Kmita crosses into Electoral Prussia, leading Tartars and volunteers in a campaign of destruction against German settlements. He reflects on his past, his love for Olenka, and his role as an instrument of God's vengeance. After a month of battles, he learns of the three-day battle at Warsaw where Yan Kazimir nearly defeated Karl Gustav, but Roh Kovalski was killed by Boguslav Radzivill just as he was about to strike the king. Kmita and Volodyovski mourn Kovalski and discuss their own vows against Boguslav.
Chapter 97
XCII
Kmita leads a daring retreat to draw the enemy into a trap, crossing the ford under heavy fire. Gosyevski and Volodyovski debate the risks, and Kmita fights fiercely, breaking the enemy center. After the battle, Volodyovski expresses his concern for Olenka and entrusts Kmita with her safety.
Chapter 98
XCIII
Olenka and Anusia escape from Taurogi and join the sword-bearer Pan Billevich's insurgent party near Olsha. Pan Billevich, rejuvenated by military action, commands a force of peasant infantry and noble cavalry. Anusia sends two messengers with letters to Babinich seeking rescue, but both messengers are killed and the letters intercepted. Olenka struggles with her feelings for Kmita, torn between love and his betrayal. News arrives of the victory at Prostki, where Babinich captured Prince Boguslav, and of Babinich burning Taurogi, causing excitement and hope among the party.
Chapter 99
XCIV
Sakovich, driven by vengeance after Anusia's flight, arranges a joint attack on the Billevich party with Hamilton's Swedes. Billevich, expecting Babinich's arrival, gathers the Lauda population in Volmontovichi. The enemy attacks from multiple sides, but Babinich arrives unexpectedly and routs them, saving the village. After the battle, Olenka tends to the wounded while Anusia anxiously awaits Babinich's return, but he does not come back immediately, having moved on to capture Ponyevyej.
Chapter 100
XCV
Kmita receives orders from Hetman Sapyeha to march south against a new invasion by Rakotsy's forces, but he initially rebels against the command, feeling overwhelmed by continuous war and personal sacrifice. After a crisis of conscience and a prayerful submission to God's will, he accepts his duty and resolves to go.
Chapter 101
XCVI
The chapter describes the gradual return of peace to the Commonwealth after years of war, with villages and towns being rebuilt. In Jmud, Olenka Billevich prepares to enter a convent, managing Vodokty with her uncle Pan Tomash. Rumors circulate that Babinich is actually Kmita, but Olenka refuses to believe. While returning from Mitruny, they encounter a wagon carrying a wounded Pan Kmita, who was shot by Hungarians and wishes to die at Lyubich. Olenka, deeply shaken, sends for a priest and prays for him through the night. Kmita survives and begins to recover, stirring conflicted feelings in Olenka, who struggles with her past grievances and newfound pity.
Chapter 102
XCVII
Andrei Kmita recovers from his wounds at Lyubich and regains consciousness. He attends Mass at Upita, where he encounters Olenka Billevich. During the service, a letter from King Yan Kazimir is read, publicly absolving Kmita of past treason and praising his heroic deeds, including his capture of Prince Boguslav Radzivill and his defense of Chenstohova. Overcome with emotion, Olenka kisses Kmita's hand in the church. Afterward, the crowd celebrates Kmita as the new starosta of Upita, and he is reunited with Pan Volodyovski and Zagloba, who urge him to go to Vodokty for betrothal. Anusia learns the truth about Babinich's identity.
Chapter 103
Endnotes
This chapter provides explanatory notes and translations for various terms, names, and historical references used throughout the book, clarifying linguistic nuances, cultural customs, and allusions to earlier events.
