The Story of My Experiments with Truth · Chapters
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Chapter companions for The Story of My Experiments with Truth by Mahatma Gandhi.
Chapter 1
Translator's Preface
The translator describes the fortunate accident of being tasked with translating Gandhi's autobiography into English for Young India. He acknowledges the translation's imperfections but notes that the author himself carefully revised the meaning, and Shrimati Miraben (Miss Madeleine Slade) revised the language. The preface is dated 1 August 1927 from Satyagrahashram.
Chapter 2
Part I
Gandhi begins his autobiography, introducing his early life, family background, and the beginning of his experiments with truth. He reflects on his childhood, his marriage to Kasturbai, and his early education, setting the stage for his lifelong pursuit of self-discipline and truth.
Chapter 3
Birth and Parentage
Gandhi introduces his family lineage, describing his grandfather Uttamchand Gandhi and his father Karamchand Gandhi (Kaba Gandhi), a principled and truthful man who served as Prime Minister in several Kathiawad states. He also portrays his mother Putlibai as deeply religious, saintly, and disciplined in her vows. Gandhi reflects on his own birth in Porbandar in 1869 and his early schooling, noting his sluggish intellect and poor memory.
Chapter 4
Childhood
Gandhi recounts his early school years in Rajkot, his mediocrity as a student, his shyness, and his strict honesty. He describes an incident where he refused to copy a spelling during an inspection, and the profound impact of the plays 'Shravana Pitribhakti Nataka' and 'Harishchandra' on his moral development.
Chapter 5
Child Marriage
Gandhi recounts his marriage at the age of thirteen, describing the circumstances, his feelings at the time, and the lasting regret he feels. He details the triple wedding arranged by his elders for convenience and economy, his father's accident on the way to the ceremony, and the innocent yet fateful beginning of his married life.
Chapter 6
Playing the Husband
Gandhi reflects on his early married life with Kasturbai, describing his jealous and possessive behavior as a young husband, his failed attempts to educate her due to lust and societal constraints like purdah, and how his commitment to truth and duty ultimately saved him from the excesses of carnal desire.
Chapter 7
At the High School
Gandhi reflects on his high school years, describing his academic progress, his relationships with teachers, and the challenges of balancing studies with family duties. He recounts incidents involving corporal punishment, a false accusation of lying, his dislike for gymnastics, and his struggles with geometry and Sanskrit. He emphasizes the importance of truth, care, and a well-rounded education, including physical training and handwriting.
Chapter 8
A Tragedy
Gandhi recounts his intimate friendship with a schoolmate who led him to experiment with meat-eating, driven by the belief that it would make him strong and help India overthrow British rule. He reflects on the moral conflict of deceiving his devout Vaishnava parents, the failure of his reformist intentions, and the lasting regret over this association.
Chapter 9
A Tragedy (Continued)
Gandhi recounts his secret meat-eating experiment with a friend, the guilt and deception it caused towards his parents, his narrow escape from a brothel, and the toxic influence of this friend on his relationship with his wife, leading to jealousy and regret.
Chapter 10
VIII: Stealing and Atonement
Gandhi recounts his childhood thefts, including stealing coppers for cigarettes and a piece of gold from his brother's armlet. He confesses to his father in writing, who responds with tears and forgiveness, teaching Gandhi a profound lesson in Ahimsa and the power of clean confession.
Chapter 11
My Father’s Death and My Double Shame
In his sixteenth year, Gandhi recounts the period of his father's final illness, during which he served as a devoted nurse. However, he confesses to a deep shame: his mind was consumed by carnal desire for his pregnant wife, Kasturbai, even at the moment of his father's death. He left his father's bedside to be with her, and his father died in the care of his uncle. Gandhi reflects on this as a moral failure, a 'double shame' compounded by the subsequent death of his newborn child after only a few days.
Chapter 12
Glimpses of Religion
Gandhi reflects on his early religious education, describing how his parents' tolerance for various faiths, the influence of his nurse Rambha, and the reading of the Ramayana by Ladha Maharaj shaped his spiritual outlook. He also recounts his initial dislike for Christianity due to missionary abuses and his early experiments with truth and morality.
Chapter 13
Preparation for England
Gandhi describes his matriculation in 1887, his struggles at Samaldas College, and the family discussions that led to his decision to go to England to study law. Overcoming his mother's concerns and his uncle's reservations, he takes vows of abstinence from wine, women, and meat, and receives permission to depart.
Chapter 14
Outcaste
Gandhi recounts the opposition from his Modh Bania caste when he decides to go to England to study law. Despite being declared an outcaste and facing financial obstacles, he remains resolute, secures the necessary funds and passage, and finally sails from Bombay on September 4th.
Chapter 15
In London at Last
Gandhi arrives in London for the first time, struggling with seasickness, shyness, and the challenges of adapting to English customs and etiquette. He adheres to his vegetarian vow despite advice to eat meat, stays in a hotel and then private rooms, and receives guidance from Dr. P. J. Mehta on European manners. He feels homesick and isolated but resolves to complete his three-year stay.
Chapter 16
XIV: My Choice
Gandhi describes his early struggles in England, including his commitment to vegetarianism despite pressure from a friend, his move to a boarding house, and his discovery of Salt's 'Plea for Vegetarianism' which solidified his choice.
Chapter 17
Playing the English Gentleman
Gandhi describes his deepening commitment to vegetarianism through reading works by Salt, Howard Williams, Anna Kingsford, and Dr. Allinson, and his friend's final attempt to reform him by taking him to a restaurant where Gandhi's inquiry about soup leads to a confrontation. Deciding to become an English gentleman, he invests in fashionable clothes, a top hat, an evening suit, and a gold watch chain, and takes lessons in dancing, French, elocution, and violin, but soon realizes the futility of these pursuits and returns to his studies.
Chapter 18
Changes
Gandhi describes his period of self-introspection and financial discipline in England, where he meticulously tracked expenses, simplified his living arrangements, and adopted a frugal lifestyle to save money. He also decided to pursue the London Matriculation examination, studying Latin and French, and despite failing Latin initially, he persisted and eventually passed. This period of plain living and intensive study brought him joy and aligned his outward life with his inner values.
Chapter 19
Experiments in Dietetics
Gandhi describes his deepening commitment to vegetarianism and his systematic experiments with diet, including giving up sweets, condiments, tea, and coffee, and testing starchless and egg-inclusive diets. He reflects on the ethical, scientific, medical, and economic arguments for vegetarianism, and the importance of interpreting vows honestly, especially in light of his mother's definition of meat. He also recounts founding a short-lived vegetarian club in Bayswater.
Chapter 20
Shyness My Shield
Gandhi reflects on his profound shyness during his time in England, particularly in public speaking and committee meetings. He describes his inability to speak at the Vegetarian Society, his written protest against the exclusion of Dr. Allinson, and a failed speech at a vegetarian dinner. He concludes that his shyness became a spiritual discipline, teaching him economy of words and aiding his pursuit of truth.
Chapter 21
The Canker of Untruth
Gandhi reflects on the common practice among Indian students in England of hiding their marriages to fit in with English social norms. He confesses his own initial dishonesty about being married and the discomfort it caused him. Through a friendship with an elderly widow who tried to match him with a young lady, he eventually mustered the courage to write a letter confessing the truth, which was met with understanding and laughter, freeing him from the burden of untruth.
Chapter 22
Acquaintance with Religions
Gandhi describes his deepening engagement with religious texts during his second year in England, including reading the Bhagavad Gita with Theosophist friends, studying The Light of Asia, and exploring the New Testament's Sermon on the Mount. He also encounters atheism through Bradlaugh's funeral and a debate, and begins to unify teachings from various traditions around renunciation.
Chapter 23
XXI: निर्बल के बल राम
Gandhi reflects on a spiritual trial during his stay in England in 1890, when he attended a Vegetarian Conference in Portsmouth and was tempted by indecent behavior in a lodging house. He credits God and a friend's warning for saving him from lust, and meditates on the nature of prayer, humility, and divine grace as the true sustainer through all trials.
Chapter 24
XXII: Narayan Hemchandra
Gandhi meets the eccentric Gujarati writer Narayan Hemchandra in London, who despite his lack of English grammar and unconventional dress, possesses a boundless ambition for learning languages and foreign travel. Their friendship deepens over shared vegetarianism and simple living, and they visit Cardinal Manning together. Narayan Hemchandra later travels to Paris and America, where he faces prosecution for his attire.
Chapter 25
The Great Exhibition
Gandhi visits the 1890 Paris Exhibition, ascending the Eiffel Tower multiple times and reflecting on its significance. He stays at a vegetarian restaurant, explores the city on foot, and is deeply moved by the grandeur and peace of ancient churches like Notre Dame. He contrasts the frivolity of Paris with the reverence of its cathedrals, and discusses Tolstoy's criticism of the Eiffel Tower as a symbol of folly.
Chapter 26
Called—But Then?
Gandhi describes the process of being called to the bar in England, including the requirements of keeping terms by attending dinners and passing examinations. He reflects on the superficiality of the system, his own rigorous self-study of law texts, and his eventual call to the bar in June 1891, followed by his return to India. Despite his qualifications, he admits to feeling helpless and unprepared to practice law.
Chapter 27
My Helplessness
Gandhi describes his initial struggles and lack of confidence upon returning to India to practice law, feeling unprepared despite his studies in England. He seeks advice from friends and meets Mr. Frederick Pincutt, who reassures him that ordinary honesty and industry are sufficient for a legal career, though Gandhi remains anxious about his knowledge of Indian law and human nature.
Chapter 28
Raychandbhai
Gandhi describes his deep admiration for Raychandbhai, a poet and jeweler whose spiritual earnestness and moral integrity left a lasting impression on him. Despite this, Gandhi could not accept him as his Guru, as he believed only a perfect jnani deserves that role. He also recounts his return to India, the shock of learning of his mother's death, and his introduction to Raychandbhai through Dr. Mehta.
Chapter 29
How I Began Life
Gandhi returns to India after studying in England, facing caste opposition and family expectations. He attempts to establish a legal practice in Rajkot and Bombay, but struggles with financial pressures, personal relationships, and his own shortcomings. He reflects on his efforts at reform, including diet, education, and Europeanization, while grappling with the realities of his profession.
Chapter 30
The First Case
Gandhi describes his early struggles as a barrister in Bombay, including his study of Indian law, his disastrous first court case representing Mamibai, and his decision to avoid court until gaining confidence. He also recounts his failed attempt to become a teacher and his eventual move to Rajkot to save expenses.
Chapter 31
The First Shock
Gandhi returns to Rajkot to practice law, relying on his brother's influence for work and compromising his principle against paying commissions. He experiences a profound humiliation when he attempts to use a personal acquaintance with a British Political Agent to intercede for his brother, only to be rudely dismissed and physically ejected from the office. The advice of Sir Pherozeshah Mehta to swallow the insult teaches Gandhi a lasting lesson about self-respect and the nature of British authority, redirecting the course of his life.
Chapter 32
Preparing for South Africa
Gandhi recounts his disillusionment with the political intrigues and oppressive atmosphere of Kathiawad, particularly his conflict with a British officer and the corruption among local officials. Seeking an escape, he accepts an offer from Dada Abdulla and Co. to work in South Africa as a legal assistant, viewing it as an opportunity to gain experience, see a new country, and support his family financially.
Chapter 33
Arrival in Natal
Gandhi describes his departure for South Africa in 1893, the pang of parting from his wife Kasturbai, and his journey by sea. He recounts securing a berth through the captain's kindness, a chess partnership, a dangerous landing at Lamu, and a trial of chastity in Zanzibar, which deepened his faith in God.
Chapter 34
Some Experiences
Gandhi arrives in Durban and is met by Abdulla Sheth. He observes the low status of Indians and experiences a court incident where he refuses to remove his turban. He learns about the social divisions among Indians in South Africa, including the indentured labor system and the derogatory term 'coolie.' Abdulla Sheth advises him to keep his Indian turban for patriotic reasons, and Gandhi defends his action in the press.
Chapter 35
On the Way to Pretoria
Gandhi prepares to travel to Pretoria for a legal case, studying bookkeeping to understand the case. He declines a bedding ticket to save money, and on the train to Maritzburg, he is forcibly removed from a first-class compartment due to racial prejudice. He spends a cold night in the waiting room, resolves to fight the injustice, and continues his journey after being assisted by Abdulla Sheth and local Indian merchants.
Chapter 36
More Hardships
Gandhi continues his journey from Charlestown to Pretoria, facing racial discrimination on a stagecoach and later at a hotel. He endures physical assault from the coach leader but persists in securing a first-class train ticket by appealing directly to the station master, who sympathizes and issues the ticket despite the risk.
Chapter 37
First Day in Pretoria
Gandhi arrives in Pretoria on a Sunday and is not met by the attorney's representative. He is helped by an American Negro who finds him lodging at Johnston's Family Hotel, where he is initially asked to dine in his room but later invited to the dining room. The next day, he meets Mr. A. W. Baker, the attorney, who arranges for him to board with a baker's wife. Baker, a lay preacher, engages Gandhi in religious discussion, and Gandhi resolves to study his own religion and Christianity dispassionately.
Chapter 38
Christian Contacts
Gandhi describes his deepening interactions with Christian friends in South Africa, particularly Mr. Coates, who introduced him to various Christian texts and acquaintances. He recounts a debate with a Plymouth Brother about atonement and sin, which he rejects in favor of self-purification. Gandhi also reflects on his participation in prayer meetings and his refusal to break the Vaishnava necklace given by his mother, highlighting his commitment to his own religious traditions.
Chapter 39
Seeking Touch with Indians
Gandhi arrives in Pretoria and immediately seeks to connect with the Indian community. He calls a meeting, delivers his first public speech on truthfulness in business, and addresses issues of sanitation and unity among diverse Indian groups. He forms an association, teaches English to three young men, and studies the conditions of Indians in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, laying the groundwork for his future work.
Chapter 40
What It Is to Be a “Coolie”
Gandhi describes the oppressive legal conditions for Indians in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, including a poll tax, land restrictions, and curfews. He recounts personal experiences of being kicked off a footpath by a policeman and obtaining a special letter from State Attorney Dr. Krause to be out after 9 p.m. These events deepen his empathy for Indian settlers and his resolve to improve their condition.
Chapter 41
Preparation for the Case
Gandhi recounts his year in Pretoria, where he gained invaluable experience in public work, legal practice, and religious life. He describes his deep involvement in preparing Dada Abdulla's complex £40,000 lawsuit, learning the paramount importance of facts over law. Witnessing the destructive potential of prolonged litigation on both parties, he successfully urged arbitration and secured a compromise with instalment payments, discovering the true function of a lawyer as a unifier rather than a litigator.
Chapter 42
Religious Ferment
Gandhi describes his deep spiritual crisis and comparative study of Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism while in South Africa. He attends a Christian convention with Mr. Baker, engages in extensive correspondence with Raychandbhai and Edward Maitland, reads the Koran and Tolstoy's 'The Kingdom of God Is Within You', and ultimately concludes that he cannot accept Christianity as the perfect religion nor Hinduism as flawless, leading him to a more personal and critical exploration of faith.
Chapter 43
Man Proposes, God Disposes
At a farewell party in his honor, Gandhi learns about a bill to disenfranchise Indians in Natal. Persuaded by Abdulla Sheth and other guests to stay and lead a campaign, he agrees to remain for a month, laying the groundwork for his public work in South Africa.
Chapter 44
Settled in Natal
Gandhi describes his early political work in Natal, organizing the Indian community to oppose a discriminatory Franchise Bill. He leads petition drives, mobilizes volunteers across religious and ethnic lines, and ultimately decides to settle in Natal after securing legal retainers from local merchants.
Chapter 45
Colour Bar
Gandhi applies for admission as an advocate to the Supreme Court of Natal, facing opposition from the Law Society based on racial discrimination. Despite the objections, the Supreme Court admits him, but he is then required to remove his turban in court, which he obeys to conserve his strength for larger battles. The chapter explores themes of racial prejudice, compromise, and the early application of satyagraha principles.
Chapter 46
Natal Indian Congress
Gandhi describes the founding of the Natal Indian Congress on May 22, 1894, as a permanent organization to sustain agitation against the disfranchising bill. He details the challenges of fundraising, the importance of financial discipline, and the establishment of the Colonial-born Indian Educational Association. The chapter also covers his propaganda efforts through pamphlets to inform the public in South Africa, England, and India about the condition of Indians in Natal.
Chapter 47
Balasundaram
Gandhi recounts his encounter with Balasundaram, an indentured Tamil laborer who was severely beaten by his European master. Through legal action and negotiation, Gandhi secures Balasundaram's release and transfer to a new employer, which establishes Gandhi as a friend and advocate for the indentured laborer community in Natal.
Chapter 48
The £3 Tax
Gandhi describes the Natal Government's attempt to impose a heavy annual tax on indentured Indian laborers, the reduction from £25 to £3 due to opposition, and the long struggle to ultimately repeal the tax, highlighting the injustices faced by Indians in South Africa.
Chapter 49
Comparative Study of Religions
Gandhi describes how his desire for self-realization led him to the religion of service, and how his interactions with Christian friends in South Africa deepened his comparative study of religions. He recounts friendships with Mr. and Mrs. Walton, his reading of Hindu, Christian, Islamic, and Zoroastrian texts, and his growing regard for Hinduism without prejudice against other faiths. He also narrates a conflict with a Christian hostess over comparing Jesus and Buddha, which led to the end of his visits.
Chapter 50
As a Householder
Gandhi describes setting up a household in Natal to maintain prestige as a barrister and representative. He recounts how a trusted companion deceived him, leading to a confrontation when a cook discovered a prostitute in the house. The incident opened Gandhi's eyes to his own infatuation and the dangers of using bad means for good ends, reinforcing his commitment to a life of detachment and truth.
Chapter 51
Homeward
Gandhi returns to India after three years in South Africa, reflecting on his voyage aboard the S.S. Pongola, his efforts to learn Tamil and Urdu, and his spiritual discussions with the ship's captain. He also arranges for the leadership of the Natal Indian Congress during his absence, appointing Adamji Miyakhan as secretary.
Chapter 52
In India
Gandhi returns to India and begins advocating for Indians in South Africa by writing the Green Pamphlet. He also volunteers for sanitation work during a plague outbreak in Rajkot, inspecting latrines across different communities and observing stark contrasts in cleanliness between the rich and the poor.
Chapter 53
Two Passions
Gandhi describes two deep-seated passions: his loyalty to the British Constitution and his aptitude for nursing. He recounts seeking guidance from Justice Ranade, Justice Tyabji, and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta to organize public meetings on South African issues. He also shares his experience nursing his brother-in-law during his final illness, which deepened his commitment to selfless service.
Chapter 54
The Bombay Meeting
Gandhi attends a public meeting in Bombay shortly after his brother-in-law's death, where he is coached by Sir Pherozeshah Mehta to write and deliver a speech. Despite initial difficulties with his voice and the audience's restlessness, the speech is eventually read by Mr. Wacha and well-received. Gandhi also recounts his failed attempts to recruit barristers for South Africa and his encounter with Mr. Pestonji Padshah, who advises him to focus on work in India rather than abroad.
Chapter 55
Poona and Madras
Gandhi travels to Poona and Madras to garner support for the South African cause. In Poona, he meets Lokamanya Tilak, Gokhale, and Dr. Bhandarkar, each offering unique encouragement and guidance. In Madras, he is met with great enthusiasm, delivers a speech, and distributes his 'Green Pamphlet,' receiving substantial support from local leaders and the press.
Chapter 56
Return Soon
Gandhi travels to Calcutta to garner support for the South African Indian cause but faces indifference from local leaders and editors. After a cold reception from prominent figures and a dismissive editor, he gains unexpected support from Mr. Saunders of The Englishman. However, a cable from Durban recalling him for the opening of Parliament forces him to cut short his efforts. He returns to Bombay and sails for South Africa with his family aboard the steamship Courland, accompanied by the Naderi.
Chapter 57
I: Rumblings of the Storm
Gandhi recounts his first voyage with his wife and children, reflecting on the cultural and dress adjustments they made to appear civilized. He describes a violent storm at sea that united passengers in prayer, but notes how their devotion faded once danger passed. The chapter ends with their arrival in Durban, foreshadowing the real storm awaiting them on land.
Chapter 58
The Storm
Gandhi arrives in Durban harbor with two shiploads of Indian passengers, only to face a prolonged quarantine driven by white residents' agitation against Indian immigration. Amid threats and intimidation, Gandhi maintains nonviolent resolve, comforts fellow passengers, and defends his criticism of Western civilization based on force. With support from Dada Abdulla & Co., Mansukhlal Naazar, and advocate Mr. Laughton, the community resists pressure to return to India, ultimately securing permission to land after 23 days.
Chapter 59
The Test
Gandhi arrives in Durban to face a hostile white mob. Despite advice to land discreetly, he chooses to walk openly with Mr. Laughton, leading to a violent assault. He refuses to prosecute his attackers, believing they were misled, and instead seeks to restore peace.
Chapter 60
The Calm After the Storm
After the mob attack, Gandhi is taken to see Mr. Escombe and gives an interview to The Natal Advertiser, refuting charges against him. The press declares him innocent, and the incident enhances his prestige and professional practice. However, it also leads to new restrictive bills in Natal. Gandhi increases public work, expands the Natal Indian Congress, and purchases property for a permanent fund, though he later reflects on the moral dangers of such funds.
Chapter 61
Education of Children
Gandhi reflects on his decision to educate his children outside of formal schooling, prioritizing home education and moral training over academic degrees. He describes the challenges of finding suitable education for Indian children in South Africa, his experiments with teaching, and the long-term consequences for his sons. He defends his choices as necessary for instilling self-respect, simplicity, and a spirit of service, even at the cost of literary education.
Chapter 62
Spirit of Service
Gandhi describes his growing desire for humanitarian service beyond his legal profession, leading him to nurse a leper and volunteer at a charitable hospital. He also details his hands-on approach to childbirth and child-rearing, emphasizing the importance of parental knowledge and self-control for the proper upbringing of children.
Chapter 63
Brahmacharya—I
Gandhi reflects on his evolving understanding of brahmacharya (celibacy) and the importance of vows. He traces his journey from a monogamous ideal to a serious consideration of a vow of celibacy, influenced by Raychandbhai's teachings and his own experiences during the Zulu 'Rebellion.' He discusses the struggle with lust, the failure of initial efforts, and the realization that a vow is necessary for true freedom and public service.
Chapter 64
Brahmacharya—II
Gandhi describes his decision to take the vow of brahmacharya (celibacy) in 1906, the challenges of controlling passions, and the joy and freedom it brought. He discusses the importance of diet, fasting, and mental discipline in observing the vow, and reflects on the connection between brahmacharya and satyagraha.
Chapter 65
Simple Life
Gandhi describes his early experiments with self-help and simplicity in South Africa, including washing his own clothes and cutting his own hair to avoid dependence on service providers and reduce expenses. He recounts a humorous incident with Gokhale's scarf and reflects on the racial discrimination he faced from a white barber, linking it to the broader system of untouchability in India.
Chapter 66
The Boer War
Gandhi describes his decision to support the British during the Boer War despite personal sympathies with the Boers, believing it was his duty as a British citizen. He organized an Indian ambulance corps of 1,100 men, which served within the firing line at Spion Kop, carrying wounded soldiers including General Woodgate. The corps' service enhanced Indian prestige and fostered unity among diverse Indian communities.
Chapter 67
Sanitary Reform and Famine Relief
Gandhi describes his efforts to improve sanitary conditions among the Indian community in Natal, motivated by a desire to address criticisms of uncleanliness and to prevent oppressive measures during epidemics. He also highlights the community's contributions to famine relief in India during the famines of 1897 and 1899, emphasizing the importance of self-purification and service.
Chapter 68
Return to India
Gandhi decides to return to India, feeling his work in South Africa is complete, but agrees to return if needed within a year. He is overwhelmed by farewell gifts from the community, including costly jewelry, which causes him inner turmoil. After consulting his children and wife, he decides to return all gifts by creating a trust for community service, despite initial resistance from his wife.
Chapter 69
In India Again
Gandhi returns to India in 1901 and attends the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta for the first time. He observes the disorganization, untouchability, and unsanitary conditions among the delegates, and reflects on the lack of service-mindedness and training among volunteers. He also meets prominent leaders like Sir Pherozeshah Mehta and Lokamanya Tilak, and attempts to advocate for the rights of Indians in South Africa.
Chapter 70
Clerk and Bearer
Gandhi arrives in Calcutta before the Congress session and offers his services at the Congress office. He is given clerical work by Sjt. Ghosal, which he performs diligently, and also volunteers to help with personal tasks like buttoning Ghosal's shirt. Through this service, Gandhi gains insight into the workings of the Congress, meets many leaders, and observes both the strengths and inefficiencies of the organization.
Chapter 71
In the Congress
Gandhi attends the Indian National Congress for the first time, feeling overwhelmed by the grand scale and the prominence of its leaders. He presents a resolution on South Africa with the help of Gokhale, but is disappointed by the rushed and superficial manner in which it is passed, realizing that the Congress's approval carries national significance despite the procedural flaws.
Chapter 72
Lord Curzon’s Durbar
Gandhi stays in Calcutta after the Congress, initially at the India Club, and then accepts Gokhale's invitation to stay with him. He observes the humiliation of Indian royalty at Lord Curzon's durbar, where they are forced to adopt degrading dress and ornaments, and reflects on the servitude imposed by wealth and power.
Chapter 73
A Month with Gokhale—I
Gandhi recounts his month-long stay with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, describing Gokhale's warm hospitality, his disciplined work ethic, and his deep reverence for Ranade. Gandhi observes Gokhale's simplicity, his focus on India's freedom, and his interactions with figures like Dr. P. C. Ray. The chapter also includes a discussion about Gokhale's use of a horse-carriage versus public transport, highlighting the practical constraints of public life.
Chapter 74
A Month with Gokhale—II
Gandhi recounts his interactions with Christian Indians in Calcutta, including a visit to Babu Kalicharan Banerji, and his visit to the Kali temple where he witnesses animal sacrifice, which deeply disturbs him and reinforces his commitment to nonviolence and self-purification.
Chapter 75
A Month with Gokhale—III
Gandhi describes his month-long stay with Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Calcutta, during which he explored Bengali religious life, visited the Brahmo Samaj, attempted to meet Swami Vivekananda, and met Sister Nivedita. He also addressed a meeting on the Indian Ambulance Corps, made a brief trip to Burma, and prepared for a third-class tour across India to understand the hardships of ordinary passengers.
Chapter 76
In Benares
Gandhi describes his journey from Calcutta to Rajkot, with a stop in Benares. He reflects on the hardships of third-class railway travel in India, contrasting it with Europe and South Africa, and calls on educated men to travel third class to reform conditions. In Benares, he stays with a panda, performs ritual ablutions in the Ganges, and visits the Kashi Vishvanath temple, where he is deeply pained by the dirt, noise, and commercialism. He recounts a confrontation with a panda over dakshina, and later pays a brief visit to Mrs. Besant.
Chapter 77
Settled in Bombay?
Gandhi considers settling in Bombay to practice law and engage in public work, encouraged by Gokhale and Kevalram Dave. He recounts his initial legal successes in Rajkot and Jamnagar, his disdain for flattery in the legal profession, and an incident highlighting the insensitivity of English officials to Indian hardships during a plague outbreak.
Chapter 78
Faith on Its Trial
Gandhi faces a profound test of his religious convictions when his son Manilal falls severely ill with typhoid and pneumonia. Despite medical advice to give eggs and chicken broth, Gandhi refuses on principle, opting instead for hydropathic treatments and a strict vegetarian diet. Through faith, prayer, and careful nursing, Manilal recovers after forty days, reinforcing Gandhi's belief in divine grace.
Chapter 79
To South Africa Again
Gandhi returns to South Africa after a brief period in Bombay, leaving his family behind and taking several youths, including Maganlal Gandhi, with him. He reflects on the uncertainty of life and the pursuit of Truth.
Chapter 80
Love's Labour's Lost?
Gandhi recounts the cold reception of the Indian deputation by Mr. Chamberlain, who advised Indians to placate Europeans in South Africa. Gandhi then describes the difficulties of obtaining a permit to enter the Transvaal after the war, highlighting the corruption and bureaucratic obstacles faced by Indians, and his eventual success with the help of Police Superintendent Alexander.
Chapter 81
Autocrats from Asia
Gandhi recounts his entry into the Transvaal after the Boer War and the challenges posed by newly appointed Asiatic officers. Despite holding a valid permit, he faces hostility from the autocratic officials who question his presence and attempt to prevent him from meeting Mr. Chamberlain. The chapter highlights the clash between the democratic traditions of South Africa and the autocratic attitudes imported by officials from Asia.
Chapter 82
Pocketed the Insult
Gandhi is excluded from a deputation to meet Mr. Chamberlain, an insult he advises the community to swallow for the greater good. Despite the humiliation, he persuades his coworkers to proceed with the representation, leading to Mr. Godfrey replacing him. Gandhi resolves to stay in the Transvaal, enroll in the Supreme Court, and set up a legal practice in Johannesburg to continue serving the community.
Chapter 83
Quickened Spirit of Sacrifice
Gandhi reflects on his evolving attitude toward self-sacrifice, recounting how he was persuaded to take out a life insurance policy in Bombay but later regretted it as inconsistent with his growing faith in God and self-reliance. He also describes how theosophical influence in Johannesburg deepened his religious sense and led him to introspect on the ideal of brotherhood.
Chapter 84
Result of Introspection
Gandhi reflects on his deepening study of the Bhagavad Gita and its influence on his moral philosophy, leading him to embrace non-possession and equability. He decides to renounce personal savings for community service, causing a rift with his brother, who later reconciles on his deathbed.
Chapter 85
A Sacrifice to Vegetarianism
Gandhi's growing passion for vegetarianism as a mission leads him to support a vegetarian restaurant in Johannesburg, ultimately resulting in a financial loss when he lends a client's deposit money to an extravagant theosophist lady who fails to repay. He makes good the loss himself, learning a lasting lesson about the limits of reforming zeal and the importance of acting without desire for fruit, as taught in the Gita.
Chapter 86
Experiments in Earth and Water Treatment
Gandhi describes his growing aversion to medicines and his experiments with natural remedies, including earth and water treatments, to cure his ailments. He advocates for self-discipline in diet and health, warning readers to approach such books with discernment.
Chapter 87
A Warning
Gandhi reflects on his dietary experiments and the spiritual motivations behind them, discussing his book 'A Guide to Health' and the conflict between his theories and practical necessities. He admits to breaking his vow against milk by consuming goat's milk during his recovery from illness, and issues a warning against blindly following his dietary theories without medical advice.
Chapter 88
A Tussle with Power
Gandhi confronts corruption in the Asiatic Department of Johannesburg, gathering evidence against officers who exploit Indians and Chinese. Despite a failed trial due to a biased jury, the officers are dismissed, improving the department. Gandhi reflects on the principle of separating the sin from the sinner, linking it to ahimsa and satyagraha.
Chapter 89
A Sacred Recollection and Penance
Gandhi reflects on his inability to distinguish between people of different creeds, communities, and races, treating all as family. He recounts a painful domestic incident in 1898 where his wife Kasturba resisted cleaning the chamber pot of a Christian clerk of Panchama origin, leading to a heated argument and his attempt to push her out of the house. He acknowledges his past blindness as a husband and his evolving understanding of marriage, moving from viewing his wife as an object of lust to a partner, and credits her endurance and loyalty. He notes that his ideas on marriage and brahmacharya began to transform in 1900 and took concrete shape in 1906.
Chapter 90
Intimate European Contacts
Gandhi reflects on his practice of living intimately with English friends as members of his family, describing the challenges and spiritual discipline required to see the same God in all people. He also explains his method of writing this autobiography as an experiment with truth, guided by inner spiritual prompting rather than a fixed plan.
Chapter 91
European Contacts (Continued)
Gandhi recounts his experiences hiring European stenographers in Johannesburg, highlighting the dedicated service of Miss Dick and Miss Schlesin. He praises their lack of color prejudice, their sacrifice, and their invaluable contributions to his work and the satyagraha movement, concluding with Gokhale's high esteem for Miss Schlesin.
Chapter 92
Indian Opinion
Gandhi describes the founding and early years of the journal 'Indian Opinion' in 1904, his role as its de facto editor, the financial sacrifices he made to sustain it, and how the paper became a vital tool for the satyagraha campaign, a mirror of his life, and a training in self-restraint and journalistic responsibility.
Chapter 93
XIV: Coolie Locations or Ghettoes?
Gandhi draws a parallel between the treatment of 'untouchables' in India, Jews in ghettoes, and Indians in South African 'coolie locations,' describing the insanitary conditions, municipal neglect, and legal battles over land acquisition in Johannesburg. He recounts his role as legal adviser for the tenants, his fee arrangement, and the use of funds to support Indian Opinion, while highlighting his close relationships with ex-indentured laborers who called him 'bhai.'
Chapter 94
The Black Plague—I
Gandhi recounts the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Johannesburg, originating from a gold mine and spreading to the Indian location. With the Municipality neglecting sanitary conditions, Gandhi, Dr. William Godfrey, Sjt. Madanjit, and four young Indian clerks risk their lives to nurse the twenty-three infected patients through the night.
Chapter 95
The Black Plague—II
Gandhi recounts the aftermath of the plague outbreak in Johannesburg, including the establishment of a temporary hospital, his use of earth treatment and refusal of brandy, and the recruitment of Albert West to manage the Indian Opinion press in Durban.
Chapter 96
Location in Flames
During the black plague outbreak in Johannesburg, Gandhi and his coworkers assist the Municipality in evacuating the Indian location, relocating residents to a tent camp, and ultimately burning the location to contain the disease. Gandhi acts as a banker for the residents, depositing their savings, and helps maintain cooperation between the Indians and the authorities.
Chapter 97
The Magic Spell of a Book
Gandhi describes how the black plague increased his influence and responsibilities, leading to a close friendship with Mr. Polak. He also recounts the financial difficulties of Indian Opinion and his transformative reading of Ruskin's Unto This Last, which inspired him to adopt a life of service and simplicity.
Chapter 98
The Phoenix Settlement
Gandhi describes the founding of the Phoenix Settlement in 1904, inspired by Ruskin's 'Unto This Last'. He moves the Indian Opinion press to a farm near Durban, where workers share labor and a living wage. Despite initial resistance, key coworkers like Chhaganlal Gandhi, Govindaswami, and Maganlal Gandhi join him, establishing a community dedicated to simplicity and ethical living.
Chapter 99
The First Night
Gandhi recounts the challenges of publishing the first issue of Indian Opinion from Phoenix. When the oil-engine fails, he and his team, including Albert West and carpenters, work through the night using a hand-wheel. The engine mysteriously works in the morning, and the paper is dispatched on time, fostering self-reliance and moral uplift.
Chapter 100
Polak Takes the Plunge
Gandhi reflects on his inability to settle permanently at the Phoenix Settlement despite his original plan to retire from legal practice and live by manual labor. He describes the establishment of the settlement, the construction of houses, and the division of land. Henry Polak, inspired by the changes, joins the settlement but later leaves to become an articled clerk in Gandhi's law office in Johannesburg, along with a Scotch theosophist named Mr. MacIntyre. Gandhi notes the irony of pursuing simplicity while being drawn deeper into legal work.
Chapter 101
Whom God Protects
Gandhi decides to send for his wife and children from India, and his son Ramdas arrives with a broken arm. He treats the wound using earth poultices, which deepens his faith in natural remedies. He also encourages his friend Henry Polak to marry without delay, and later facilitates the wedding of Albert West. These events illustrate Gandhi's growing confidence in self-experimentation and his efforts to build a communal, interracial family at Phoenix.
Chapter 102
A Peep Into the Household
Gandhi describes his efforts to simplify the household in Johannesburg according to Ruskin's teachings, including hand-grinding grain, personal sanitation work, and involving his children in physical labor. He reflects on his decision to prioritize character building and mother-tongue education over formal literary education, a choice that led to tensions with Henry Polak and later regrets from his sons.
Chapter 103
The Zulu “Rebellion”
Gandhi recounts his decision to form an Indian Ambulance Corps during the Zulu uprising in Natal, motivated by loyalty to the British Empire. He describes the lack of genuine rebellion, the mistreatment of Zulu prisoners and friendlies, and his nursing work alongside a small team of volunteers. The chapter highlights his growing sympathy for the Zulus and his commitment to service despite opposition from white soldiers.
Chapter 104
Heart Searchings
Gandhi reflects on the Zulu 'rebellion' as a manhunt, which deepened his convictions about brahmacharya. He discusses the vow of lifelong celibacy with his coworkers at Phoenix and takes the plunge, recognizing the immense difficulty of mastering thoughts.
Chapter 105
The Birth of Satyagraha
Gandhi reflects on how his personal experiments with truth and self-purification, including the vow of brahmacharya, prepared him for the principle of satyagraha. He describes the inadequacy of the term 'passive resistance' and the coinage of 'satyagraha' by Maganlal Gandhi, which became the defining concept of the Indian struggle in South Africa.
Chapter 106
More Experiments in Dietetics
Gandhi describes his evolving dietary experiments, driven by a desire to observe brahmacharya and support the satyagraha struggle. He shifts from hygienic to religious motives, using fasting and restricted diets to cultivate self-restraint and conquer the palate, while acknowledging the challenges of indulgence even in ascetic practices.
Chapter 107
Kasturbai’s Courage
Gandhi recounts a life-threatening illness of his wife Kasturbai during the satyagraha period. A doctor insisted on giving her beef tea as a medical remedy, but both Gandhi and Kasturbai refused on principle. Despite the doctor's warnings and pressure, they removed her from his care and nursed her back to health at Phoenix using hydropathic treatment, demonstrating their unwavering commitment to vegetarianism and religious conviction.
Chapter 108
Domestic Satyagraha
Gandhi describes his experiments with self-restraint and diet after his first jail experience in 1908, including adopting rules of finishing meals before sunset and abstaining from tea. He recounts a domestic satyagraha where he vows to give up salt and pulses to persuade his wife Kasturbai to do the same for her health, leading to her recovery and his deepened practice of self-denial.
Chapter 109
XXX: Towards Self-Restraint
Gandhi describes how his wife's illness led to dietary changes, and later, for the sake of brahmacharya, he gave up milk after learning from Raychandbhai and reading literature on animal cruelty. He discusses his friendship with Hermann Kallenbach, their shared commitment to simplicity, and their decision to abjure milk and adopt a frugal fruit diet. Gandhi emphasizes that while diet and fasting aid self-restraint, true purity of mind requires self-examination, surrender to God, and grace.
Chapter 110
Fasting
Gandhi describes his experiments with fasting as a means of self-restraint, beginning around the time he gave up milk and cereals. He recounts how he started complete fasts (allowing only water) and, while at Tolstoy Farm, encouraged Hindu, Parsi, Christian, and Muslim youngsters to observe fasts during the coinciding Hindu month of Shravan and Islamic month of Ramzan. The shared discipline fostered a spirit of self-restraint and unity among the community. Gandhi reflects on the spiritual purpose of fasting, emphasizing that it must be accompanied by mental fasting and a longing for self-restraint, citing the Bhagavad Gita.
Chapter 111
As Schoolmaster
Gandhi describes his role as a teacher and father figure at Tolstoy Farm, where he provided education to children of diverse backgrounds. He emphasizes character building over literary training, integrates manual labor and vocational training (shoemaking, carpentry, gardening) into daily life, and insists that teachers work alongside students to foster cooperation and cheerfulness.
Chapter 112
Literary Training
Gandhi describes the challenges of providing literary education on Tolstoy Farm, given his limited resources, time, and personal knowledge of languages. He taught Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Hindi, and English, relying on oral instruction and his own imperfect skills, while emphasizing the teacher as the true textbook. Despite his deficiencies, he maintained the respect and love of his students through honesty and engaging spoken lessons.
Chapter 113
Training of the Spirit
Gandhi reflects on the challenge of spiritual training for the children at Tolstoy Farm, emphasizing that true character development comes not from books but from the teacher's own life and conduct. He recounts an incident where he struck a boy in anger, which led him to renounce corporal punishment and deepen his understanding of nonviolent discipline.
Chapter 114
Tares Among the Wheat
Gandhi defends his decision to keep his own sons in close association with unruly boys at Tolstoy Farm, arguing that such exposure is a necessary discipline and that good children, under watchful care, will not be corrupted by bad company.
Chapter 115
Fasting as Penance
Gandhi recounts his use of fasting as a form of penance after learning of the moral lapse of two Ashram inmates. He imposes a seven-day fast and a longer period of restricted eating, believing the teacher shares responsibility for the pupil's actions. Mr. Kallenbach joins him in the fast. The penance clears the atmosphere and strengthens bonds, though Gandhi later undertakes a more difficult fourteen-day fast. He reflects on the conditions under which such drastic remedies are appropriate.
Chapter 116
To Meet Gokhale
Gandhi recounts his departure from South Africa after the satyagraha struggle, traveling third class to London with Kasturbai and Kallenbach. He describes the comfortable voyage, a symbolic act of throwing away Kallenbach's binoculars to embrace simplicity, his physical weakness after a fast, and the outbreak of World War I as they arrived in England.
Chapter 117
My Part in the War
Gandhi arrives in England during World War I and, despite his status as a colonial subject, advocates for Indian cooperation with the British war effort. He organizes a meeting of Indian residents, argues against using Britain's need as an opportunity to press demands, and leads a volunteer corps for ambulance training. He also assists Shrimati Sarojini Naidu in sewing clothes for soldiers.
Chapter 118
A Spiritual Dilemma
Gandhi grapples with the moral conflict between his commitment to ahimsa (nonviolence) and his decision to participate in war, defending his actions through a nuanced argument that a votary of truth may be compelled to participate in violence as a social being while striving to free himself and the world from war.
Chapter 119
Miniature Satyagraha
Gandhi recounts a conflict within the Indian Volunteer Corps during wartime, where the Commanding Officer's high-handedness and disregard for the Corps' internal discipline led to a miniature satyagraha. Despite Gandhi's attempts to mediate, tensions escalated, resulting in a resolution to withdraw from training unless the Corps could elect its own section leaders. Ultimately, a compromise was reached when wounded soldiers arrived at Netley Hospital, allowing most members to serve under a different command, while Gandhi remained ill and unable to participate.
Chapter 120
XLI: Gokhale’s Charity
Gandhi recounts his pleurisy attack in London and his dietetic experiments, which led to a conflict with Gokhale and Dr. Jivraj Mehta over his refusal to consume milk. Despite pressure, Gandhi adheres to his fruitarian diet based on religious convictions, and Gokhale ultimately respects his decision.
Chapter 121
Treatment of Pleurisy
Gandhi describes his struggle with pleurisy and his commitment to treating it through dietetic changes rather than medicine, consulting Dr. Allinson. He adheres to a strict vegetarian diet, avoids milk due to a vow, and tries various remedies. Lady Cecilia Roberts attempts to help but accidentally gives him malted milk, which he stops upon discovering it contains milk. Dr. Allinson later relaxes restrictions, but Gandhi remains uncured. Mr. Roberts advises him to return to India for recovery, which he accepts.
Chapter 122
Homeward
Gandhi describes his departure from England to India with Mr. Kallenbach, who is denied a passport due to German surveillance. They travel second class, and Gandhi reflects on the racial distance between English and Indian passengers. He arrives in Bombay after ten years abroad, greeted by Gokhale, but feels fate has other plans.
Chapter 123
Some Reminiscences of the Bar
Gandhi reflects on his legal practice in South Africa, emphasizing his commitment to truth and integrity. He recounts a specific case where he insisted on admitting a clerical error in an arbitration award, despite opposition from his senior counsel and potential risk to his client, ultimately gaining his client's support to proceed honestly.
Chapter 124
Sharp Practice?
Gandhi argues a difficult case before the Supreme Court, facing an initial accusation of sharp practice from a judge. He defends himself with composure, explains an accounting error as inadvertent, and ultimately wins the case, reinforcing his belief that law can be practiced without compromising truth.
Chapter 125
Clients Turned Coworkers
Gandhi reflects on his legal practice in the Transvaal, where he was admitted as an attorney to maintain direct contact with Indian clients. He recounts an instance where he dismissed a false case, reinforcing his commitment to truth. His honesty and willingness to seek senior counsel earned him the trust and affection of clients, many of whom became coworkers in public service.
Chapter 126
How a Client Was Saved
Gandhi recounts how Parsi Rustomji, a client and coworker, confessed to smuggling goods. Gandhi advises him to confess to the authorities and accept punishment as penance. Through frank negotiations with the Customs Officer and Attorney General, the case is settled with a penalty, and Rustomji frames the confession as a reminder.
Chapter 127
The First Experience
Gandhi returns to India and learns that the Phoenix party has been accommodated at Shantiniketan and the Gurukul in Kangri through the efforts of Mr. Andrews, Swami Shraddhanandji, and Principal Sushil Rudra. He attends receptions in Bombay, where he offers a small satyagraha by speaking in Gujarati instead of English at a Gujarati gathering, and then proceeds to Poona at Gokhale's summons.
Chapter 128
With Gokhale in Poona
Gandhi arrives in Bombay and meets the Governor, Lord Willingdon, promising to consult the government before taking any steps as a satyagrahi. He then goes to Poona, where Gokhale and the Servants of India Society welcome him warmly. Gokhale wishes Gandhi to join the Society, but members hesitate due to differences in ideals and methods. Gokhale assures Gandhi of his support regardless and agrees to fund Gandhi's proposed Ashram in Gujarat. Before leaving for Shantiniketan, Gokhale hosts a party for Gandhi despite his frail health, fainting during the event.
Chapter 129
Was It a Threat?
Gandhi recounts his early efforts to address the Viramgam customs cordon in Kathiawad, his interactions with British officials, and his advocacy for third-class travel as a form of solidarity with the poor. He defends satyagraha as a nonviolent weapon and describes his meeting with the tailor Motilal, who inspires him with his dedication to public service.
Chapter 130
Shantiniketan
Gandhi visits Shantiniketan, where he meets Kakasaheb Kalelkar and other teachers, and initiates a self-help experiment involving cooking and cleaning. The chapter ends with the news of Gokhale's death, prompting Gandhi's departure for Poona.
Chapter 131
Woes of Third-Class Passengers
Gandhi recounts the hardships of third-class train travel in India, including difficulty obtaining tickets, overcrowding, and the guard's demand for excess fare. He reflects on the rudeness and selfishness of passengers and his own compromise of truth when allowing his wife to use a second-class bathroom.
Chapter 132
Wooing
After Gokhale's death, Gandhi seeks formal membership in the Servants of India Society but faces opposition from some members who fear his views diverge from the Society's principles. After prolonged discussions, he withdraws his application to avoid division, a decision that strengthens his spiritual bond with the Society and its members.
Chapter 133
Kumbha Mela
Gandhi travels to Rangoon and Calcutta, experiencing both overwhelming hospitality and the harsh conditions of deck passage. He attends the Kumbha Mela at Hardvar, where he leads volunteer work including latrine cleaning, observes the hypocrisy and piety of pilgrims, and makes a personal vow to limit his diet to five articles and never eat after dark.
Chapter 134
Lakshman Jhula
Gandhi visits the Gurukul in Hardvar, meets Mahatma Munshiramji and Acharya Ramadevji, and discusses industrial training. He then travels to Lakshman Jhula and Hrishikesh, where he reflects on the sacred thread and shikha, his past cowardice in discarding them, and his evolving views on religious symbols. He also observes the desecration of natural beauty spots and the inappropriate iron bridge at Lakshman Jhula.
Chapter 135
Founding of the Ashram
Gandhi describes the founding of the Satyagraha Ashram in Ahmedabad on May 25, 1915, after considering various locations. He explains his preference for Ahmedabad due to his Gujarati identity, the potential for reviving hand-spinning, and the availability of financial support. The chapter covers the naming of the Ashram, the drafting of its code of rules, and the inclusion of about twenty-five members, including Tamil companions from South Africa.
Chapter 136
X: On the Anvil
The chapter describes the early test faced by the Ashram when an untouchable family—Dudabhai, Danibehn, and their daughter Lakshmi—seeks admission. Despite external opposition, financial crisis, and internal discomfort, Gandhi and his companions stand firm, ultimately receiving unexpected help from a generous donor. The episode reinforces the Ashram's commitment against untouchability.
Chapter 137
Abolition of Indentured Emigration
Gandhi recounts the campaign to abolish the indentured labor system, from Pandit Malaviyaji's 1916 resolution to the Government's announcement before July 31, 1917. He describes organizing public meetings, a ladies' deputation to the Viceroy, and his own grueling third-class train journeys across India, emphasizing the role of potential satyagraha in hastening the abolition.
Chapter 138
The Stain of Indigo
Gandhi recounts his first encounter with the plight of Champaran's indigo farmers, led by the persistent Rajkumar Shukla, and his initial visit to Patna, where he faces the realities of untouchability and the lack of local support.
Chapter 139
The Gentle Bihari
Gandhi arrives in Bihar to investigate the plight of indigo farmers and is struck by the high legal fees and the fear among the peasants. He meets with local leaders, including Brajkishore Prasad and Rajendra Prasad, and decides that the real relief lies in freeing the ryots from fear rather than pursuing court cases. He enlists the help of vakils for clerical and translation work, emphasizing service over legal expertise.
Chapter 140
Face to Face with Ahimsa
Gandhi arrives in Champaran to investigate the grievances of indigo farmers. Despite opposition from planters and the Commissioner, he refuses to leave and is served a notice to depart. He disobeys and is summoned to trial. The local peasants rally around him, and Gandhi's civil resistance and faith in ahimsa lead to a shift in authority, with officials cooperating rather than confronting him.
Chapter 141
Case Withdrawn
Gandhi's trial for disobeying the order to leave Champaran begins. He pleads guilty and reads a statement explaining his duty to serve the ryots. The case is unexpectedly withdrawn by the Lieutenant Governor, allowing Gandhi to conduct his inquiry with official support.
Chapter 142
Methods of Work
Gandhi describes the practical organization of the Champaran inquiry, including securing a house, funding the work without appealing to the public or the ryots, and the disciplined, economical lifestyle adopted by the volunteers. He details the process of recording peasant statements in the presence of C.I.D. officers, the importance of cross-examination, and his efforts to engage with planters courteously.
Chapter 143
Companions
Gandhi describes the dedicated team of companions who assisted him during his early work in Bihar, including Brajkishorebabu, Rajendrababu, Professor Kripalani, and others. He details the establishment of primary schools in six villages, the recruitment of voluntary teachers, and the emphasis on sanitation and cleanliness education alongside basic literacy. The chapter highlights the selfless service of his companions and the challenges of working with impoverished, ignorant villagers.
Chapter 144
Penetrating the Villages
Gandhi describes the organization of schools, medical relief, and sanitation work in Champaran villages. Volunteers provided simple treatments like castor oil, quinine, and sulphur ointment, while Dr. Dev oversaw medical care. Sanitation efforts involved cleaning roads, wells, and courtyards, though villagers often showed apathy. Gandhi recounts a poignant encounter where a woman explained her inability to wash her only sari, highlighting extreme poverty. A school hut was burned down, but a brick replacement was built through collective labor. Despite temporary success, Gandhi regrets not securing permanent volunteers, though the work left a lasting impact.
Chapter 145
When a Governor Is Good
Gandhi's inquiry into the grievances of indigo ryots in Bihar leads to a confrontation with the planters and the Bihar Government. He refuses to leave until relief is provided, and Lieutenant Governor Sir Edward Gait appoints a committee with Gandhi as a member. The committee's unanimous report results in the abolition of the tinkathia system and the end of planters' raj, though Gandhi's plans for further constructive work are interrupted.
Chapter 146
In Touch with Labour
Gandhi receives appeals from Kheda peasants and Ahmedabad mill-hands. He travels to Ahmedabad to guide the labourers' strike, advising nonviolence, self-reliance, and firmness. The strike lasts twenty-one days, with daily peaceful processions and meetings. Gandhi also reflects on abandoned plans for cow-protection and rural education in Champaran.
Chapter 147
A Peep Into the Ashram
Gandhi describes the relocation of the Ashram from Kochrab to a new site near the Sabarmati Central Jail due to a plague outbreak, highlighting the challenges of living on waste land, the rule of non-killing of snakes, and the Ashram's focus on weaving.
Chapter 148
The Fast
Gandhi undertakes a fast to rally the striking mill-hands of Ahmedabad who begin to waver in their pledge. The fast lasts three days and creates an atmosphere of goodwill, leading to arbitration by Sjt. Anandshankar Dhruva and a settlement after 21 days. The chapter also describes the chaotic distribution of sweets afterward, revealing the desperate poverty of beggars.
Chapter 149
The Kheda Satyagraha
Immediately after the Ahmedabad mill-hands' strike, Gandhi becomes involved in the Kheda Satyagraha, a struggle by Patidar farmers against revenue collection during a near-famine. Despite petitions and deputations, the government refuses to suspend assessment. Gandhi advises the cultivators to resort to satyagraha, leading to a pledge of nonpayment and forfeiture of lands rather than compromising self-respect.
Chapter 150
The Onion Thief
Gandhi describes the Kheda Satyagraha campaign, emphasizing the need for simplicity, civility, and fearlessness among satyagrahis. He recounts the symbolic act of removing an attached onion crop, led by Mohanlal Pandya, which resulted in arrests and boosted public morale.
Chapter 151
End of Kheda Satyagraha
The Kheda Satyagraha campaign concludes unexpectedly when the Mamlatdar of Nadiad Taluk offers to suspend payments for poorer Patidars if the well-to-do pay up. Gandhi secures a written undertaking and confirms with the Collector that the suspension applies district-wide. Though the people celebrate it as a triumph, Gandhi is dissatisfied because the settlement lacks grace, the poor hardly benefit, and the satyagrahis do not emerge stronger. However, the campaign has lasting indirect results: it awakens Gujarat's peasants, gives educated workers contact with rural life, reveals Vallabhbhai Patel's leadership, and firmly roots satyagraha in Gujarat.
Chapter 152
Passion for Unity
Gandhi describes his participation in the Viceroy's war conference in Delhi during the Kheda campaign and World War I. He explains his initial hesitation due to the exclusion of the Ali brothers and his growing commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity, shaped by his South African experiences. He also recounts his discussions with Dinabandhu Andrews about secret treaties and his eventual decision to attend the conference after a persuasive argument from Lord Chelmsford.
Chapter 153
Recruiting Campaign
Gandhi attends the Viceregal conference and supports the recruiting resolution, speaking in Hindustani. He writes a letter to the Viceroy expressing regret for the exclusion of leaders like Tilak and the Ali brothers, and outlining the people's political and Muslim demands. He then begins a recruiting campaign in Kheda, facing difficulties in obtaining volunteers and carts, but perseveres with his coworkers on foot, carrying their own food.
Chapter 154
Near Death's Door
Gandhi recounts a severe illness brought on by dietary indiscretion during his recruiting campaign. He describes his refusal of medical treatment, his reliance on hydropathy and the 'ice treatment' from a non-degree doctor, and his steadfast adherence to his dietary principles despite advice to consume meat broth or eggs. His recovery is marked by the news of Germany's defeat and the end of recruiting, which brings him relief.
Chapter 155
The Rowlatt Bills and My Dilemma
Gandhi, recovering from illness, is confronted with the Rowlatt Committee's report and decides to launch a satyagraha campaign against the proposed repressive bills. He convenes a small meeting at the ashram, drafts a satyagraha pledge, and establishes the Satyagraha Sabha. Meanwhile, he grapples with a personal moral crisis over breaking his vow against milk by agreeing to take goat's milk on medical advice, a compromise he later deeply regrets.
Chapter 156
That Wonderful Spectacle!
Gandhi describes the lead-up to the first nationwide hartal in protest of the Rowlatt Act. He recounts his dream-inspired idea for a day of fasting and prayer, the drafting of the appeal, and the overwhelming response across India. The chapter also covers his visit to Madras, his first personal meeting with Rajagopalachari, and the discussions on how to offer civil disobedience against the Rowlatt Bill.
Chapter 157
That Memorable Week!—I
Gandhi describes the events surrounding the 6th April 1919 hartal, including the success in Bombay, the administration of pledges, the sale of proscribed literature, his arrest and detention en route to the Punjab, and the violent police response to the crowd in Bombay.
Chapter 158
That Memorable Week!—II
Gandhi describes his meeting with Commissioner Mr. Griffith in Bombay, where he argues that the people are naturally peaceful and that his satyagraha teachings are not to blame for the violence. He then learns of disturbances in Ahmedabad, including the murder of a sergeant, and returns to find the city under martial law. He meets with Commissioner Mr. Pratt, expresses regret, and secures permission to hold a public meeting at Sabarmati Ashram. At the meeting, he declares a three-day penitential fast for himself, calls for a one-day fast by the people, and suspends satyagraha until nonviolence is restored, despite disagreement from some followers.
Chapter 159
A Himalayan Miscalculation
Gandhi reflects on his mistake in calling for premature civil disobedience in the Kheda district, which he terms a 'Himalayan miscalculation.' He emphasizes the necessity for satyagrahis to first render willing and intelligent obedience to state laws before engaging in civil disobedience. He then describes his efforts in Bombay to educate the public and train a corps of dedicated volunteers, though progress is slow.
Chapter 160
Navajivan and Young India
Gandhi describes the repressive measures in the Punjab, including arrests, martial law, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He is pressed to go to the Punjab but decides against civil disobedience due to the volatile atmosphere. After the deportation of Mr. Horniman and the suspension of the Bombay Chronicle, Gandhi takes over the editorship of Young India and Navajivan, converting them into weeklies to educate the public on satyagraha. He moves the press to Ahmedabad, refuses advertisements, and uses the journals to maintain peace and ventilate views during the crisis.
Chapter 161
XXXV: In the Punjab
Gandhi describes his delayed journey to the Punjab following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the martial law atrocities. He recounts the decision to boycott the Hunter Committee and the formation of a non-official Congress inquiry committee, which he served on alongside Motilal Nehru, C. R. Das, and others. Through his investigative work, he gained deep insight into the suffering of the Punjabi people and the brutality of British rule, and he saw the potential for khadi work in the region.
Chapter 162
XXXVI: The Khilafat Against Cow Protection?
Gandhi attends a joint Hindu-Muslim conference in Delhi to discuss the Khilafat question. He argues against linking the Khilafat issue with cow protection, insisting each be considered on its own merits. He also opposes mixing the Punjab question with the Khilafat. At the conference, he introduces the concept of 'noncooperation' for the first time, advocating withholding cooperation from the government if it betrays the Khilafat cause. He debates Maulana Hasrat Mohani over the boycott of British goods, successfully arguing for a broader Swadeshi vow and nonviolence.
Chapter 163
The Amritsar Congress
Gandhi describes the Amritsar Congress session, where the release of Punjab prisoners and the Ali brothers brought great joy. He recounts his internal conflict over the resolution on the King's reforms, his differences with leaders like Chittaranjan Das and Lokamanya Tilak, and the eventual compromise amendment proposed by Jairamdas that averted a division.
Chapter 164
Congress Initiation
Gandhi describes his real entry into Congress politics at the Amritsar session, where his work on the Punjab inquiry and his abilities as a fundraiser and draftsman were recognized. He was appointed a trustee for the Jallianwala Bagh memorial fund and tasked with framing a new constitution for the Congress, working with proxies of Lokamanya Tilak and Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das.
Chapter 165
The Birth of Khadi
Gandhi recounts his early ignorance of handlooms and spinning wheels, the establishment of weaving at Sabarmati Ashram, the challenges of sourcing handwoven cloth and yarn, and his growing impatience to learn spinning. He describes Maganlal Gandhi's mastery of weaving, the Ashram's commitment to handwoven cloth, and his discovery of Gangabehn Majmundar, who promises to find a spinning wheel.
Chapter 166
XL: Found at Last!
Gandhi describes the discovery of spinning wheels in Vijapur, the establishment of khadi production, and the efforts of Gangabehn Majmundar and others to revive hand-spinning and weaving. He recounts the challenges of obtaining slivers, the involvement of Umar Sobani, and the spread of spinning in the Ashram and Bombay, emphasizing the psychological and economic significance of the spinning wheel.
Chapter 167
An Instructive Dialogue
Gandhi engages in a dialogue with a mill-owner, arranged by Umar Sobani, who criticizes the Swadeshi movement for its potential to inflate prices and be exploited by mill-owners. Gandhi explains his focus on reviving the spinning wheel and producing khadi to provide work for semi-starved women, rather than promoting mill cloth. The mill-owner acknowledges the potential of Gandhi's approach if it increases production.
Chapter 168
XLII: Its Rising Tide
Gandhi describes the spread of the noncooperation movement, focusing on the Khilafat agitation, the drafting and passage of the noncooperation resolution at the Calcutta Congress in September 1920, and the key figures involved. He reflects on the inclusion of swaraj in the resolution, the debates with leaders like Vijayaraghavachari and Motilal Nehru, and the deep impact of Lokamanya Tilak's death on the movement.
Chapter 169
At Nagpur
The chapter describes the annual Congress session at Nagpur where the noncooperation resolution was passed unanimously after minor amendments, the Congress constitution was revised with a debate on the number of delegates and the goal of swaraj, and resolutions on Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability, and khadi were adopted.
Chapter 170
Farewell
Gandhi concludes his narrative, reflecting on the difficulty of self-purification and the pursuit of Truth through Ahimsa. He explains his decision to end the autobiography due to the public nature of his later life and his ongoing experiments, emphasizing that perfect Truth can only be realized through complete nonviolence and selflessness.
Chapter 171
Endnotes
This chapter provides explanatory notes for terms and concepts referenced throughout the book, including definitions of spiritual, dietary, and cultural terms such as moksha, ahimsa, brahmacharya, and saptapadi, as well as clarifications on specific references.
