Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant by Ulysses S. Grant.
Chapter 1
Dedication
Grant dedicates his memoirs to the American soldiers and sailors who served in the Civil War.
Chapter 2
Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant reflects on his early life, military career, and key events of the Civil War, offering personal insights into leadership, the horrors of war, and the importance of reconciliation.
Chapter 3
I
Grant recounts his early life, including his birth in 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio, his family's move to Georgetown, his father's background and character, his mother's family, his limited schooling, his dislike for the tannery trade, his love for horses and agriculture, and anecdotes about his childhood, such as a horse-trading incident and his experiences with school discipline.
Chapter 4
II
Grant recounts his appointment to West Point, his reluctant departure from Georgetown, Ohio, his journey east via steamboat and canal, his arrival at the Academy, his four years as a cadet, his graduation and commissioning as a second lieutenant in the 4th Infantry, and his return home on leave.
Chapter 5
Army Life—Causes of the Mexican War—Camp Salubrity
Grant reports for duty at Jefferson Barracks, describes army life under Colonel Kearney, and recounts his growing attachment to Julia Dent. The 4th Infantry is ordered to Louisiana as tensions with Mexico rise over Texas annexation. Grant expresses his opposition to the Mexican War, calling it unjust. The chapter also covers his academic aspirations, the establishment of Camp Salubrity, and the sudden death of Colonel Vose.
Chapter 6
Corpus Christi and the March to the Rio Grande
Grant describes the assembly of the Army of Occupation at Corpus Christi under General Zachary Taylor, the logistical challenges of moving troops and supplies, the procurement of mules and horses from Mexican smugglers, and the political context of provoking a war with Mexico. He also recounts personal anecdotes, including a fall into the sea while boarding a steamer, and observations on the sparse settlements and hostile relations between Texans and Mexicans.
Chapter 7
Trip to Austin—Promotion to Full Second Lieutenant—Army of Occupation
Grant recounts a hazardous journey from Austin back to Corpus Christi with fellow officers, including the illness of Lieutenant Augur, encounters with wildlife, and the challenges of travel in Texas. He also describes the methods used to break mules for the Army of Occupation, reflecting on the difficulties of managing wild animals and the loss of his own horses.
Chapter 8
Advance of the Army—Crossing the Colorado—The Rio Grande
Grant describes the U.S. Army's advance from Corpus Christi toward the Rio Grande under General Taylor, the crossing of the Colorado River, and the initial fortifications near Matamoras. He recounts the purchase of a mustang, the sight of a vast herd of wild horses, and the first hostile encounters with Mexican forces, including the capture of two dragoon companies and the deaths of Lieutenant Porter and Major Cross.
Chapter 9
VII The Mexican War—The Battle of Palo Alto—The Battle of Resaca De La Palma—Army of Invasion—General Taylor—Movement on Camargo
Grant recounts his experiences during the early battles of the Mexican-American War, including the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. He describes the siege of Fort Brown, General Taylor's leadership and character, the arrival of volunteers, and the army's movement to Camargo. Grant reflects on his own feelings of fear before battle, the conduct of soldiers, and the importance of duty and humility in command.
Chapter 10
The Battle of Monterey
Grant recounts the Battle of Monterey during the Mexican-American War, describing the assault on the city, the heavy losses suffered by Garland's brigade, the capture of the east and west ends, and the eventual surrender of the Mexican garrison. He reflects on the humane treatment of prisoners and the fraternization between soldiers and Mexican civilians.
Chapter 11
Political Intrigue—Buena Vista—Movement Against Vera Cruz—Siege and Capture of Vera Cruz
Grant recounts the political maneuvering behind the Mexican-American War, detailing how President Polk's administration, wary of Whig generals gaining popularity, first sidelined General Scott, then left General Taylor in command, and finally sent Scott to lead the invasion of Vera Cruz to undercut Taylor's rising political star. He describes the logistical challenges of assembling the invasion force, the landing at Vera Cruz, and the successful siege and capture of the city and fortress of San Juan de Ulloa.
Chapter 12
March to Jalapa—Battle of Cerro Gordo—Perote—Puebla—Scott and Taylor
Grant describes the logistical challenges and strategic decisions of General Scott's campaign from Vera Cruz toward Mexico City, including the Battle of Cerro Gordo, the capture of Perote and Puebla, and contrasts Scott's professionalism with Taylor's informal style.
Chapter 13
Chapter XI: The Battles for Mexico City
Grant recounts the final campaign against Mexico City, including the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. He describes General Scott's strategy, the armistice negotiations, and the eventual assault on the capital. Grant reflects on the unnecessary bloodshed at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and notes the political context of the war as one of conquest in the interest of an institution.
Chapter 14
XII
Grant reflects on the Mexican-American War, critiquing military strategy and praising Generals Scott and Taylor, while discussing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the political fallout for Scott, and the broader lessons about war, leadership, and historical truth.
Chapter 15
Treaty of Peace and Mexican Excursions
Grant recounts the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848 and the subsequent delay in ratification, which left the army idle in Mexico. He describes attending a bullfight, finding it sickeningly cruel, and notes that bullfights were later prohibited in the Federal District. He then details his leave-taking expeditions: an ascent of Popocatapetl that ended in failure due to storm and altitude sickness, and a journey to the great caves of Mexico, where he observed stalactites and stalagmites. Along the way, he encountered bureaucratic obstacles from Mexican guards and witnessed peons gambling away their meager wages.
Chapter 16
Return of the Army—Marriage—Ordered to the Pacific Coast—Crossing the Isthmus—Arrival at San Francisco
Grant reflects on the value of his Mexican War experience and the personal acquaintance he gained with future generals on both sides of the Civil War. He describes the ratification of the peace treaty, the evacuation of Mexico, his marriage to Julia Dent, and subsequent postings to Sackett's Harbor and Detroit. The chapter details the 4th Infantry's transfer to the Pacific Coast via the Isthmus of Panama, the hardships of the transit including cholera outbreaks, and the eventual arrival in San Francisco.
Chapter 17
San Francisco—Early California Experiences—Life on the Pacific Coast—Promoted Captain—Flush Times in California
Grant describes his time on the Pacific Coast, including a failed potato farming venture with fellow officers, the impact of disease on Native American tribes, his promotion to captain following the death of Colonel Bliss, and the bustling, gambling-filled atmosphere of early San Francisco.
Chapter 18
Resignation—Private Life—Life at Galena—The Coming Crisis
Grant reflects on his resignation from the army, his struggles in private life—farming in Missouri, a real estate venture, and a clerkship in Galena—and his evolving political views leading up to the Civil War. He discusses the illogic of secession, the inherent right of revolution, the dangers of secret political parties, and his vote for Buchanan in 1856 to avert disunion.
Chapter 19
Outbreak of the Rebellion — Presiding at a Union Meeting — Mustering Officer of State Troops — Lyon at Camp Jackson — Services Tendered to the Government
Grant describes the outbreak of the Civil War following the firing on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers, and the patriotic response in Galena, Illinois. He recounts presiding over a Union meeting, helping raise a company, and later assisting Governor Yates in mustering state regiments. Grant also details his visit to St. Louis, the capture of Camp Jackson by Captain Lyon and Frank Blair, and the shift in Union sentiment in the city.
Chapter 20
Appointed Colonel of the 21st Illinois—Personnel of the Regiment—General Logan—March to Missouri—Movement Against Harris at Florida, Mo.—General Pope in Command—Stationed at Mexico, Mo.
Grant recounts his appointment as colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry, his initial anxieties about leading troops into battle, and his first encounter with Confederate forces under Colonel Thomas Harris. He describes the march to Missouri, the discipline of his regiment, and his assignment to command a sub-district under General John Pope. The chapter also introduces John A. McClernand and John A. Logan, and reflects on Grant's personal growth in overcoming fear of the enemy.
Chapter 21
Commissioned Brigadier-General — Command at Ironton, Mo. — Jefferson City — Cape Girardeau — General Prentiss — Seizure of Paducah — Headquarters at Cairo
Grant recounts his surprise at being recommended and confirmed as brigadier-general, the selection of his staff including John A. Rawlins, and his early commands at Ironton and Jefferson City, Missouri. He describes the chaotic state of volunteer recruitment, the broken-up expedition against Jeff. Thompson due to General Prentiss's misinterpretation of orders, and his swift seizure of Paducah, Kentucky, anticipating Confederate forces by only a few hours.
Chapter 22
General Fremont in Command—Movement Against Belmont—Battle of Belmont—A Narrow Escape—After the Battle
Grant describes the period of inactivity after the occupation of Paducah, his growing impatience to engage the enemy, and the orders from General Fremont to make demonstrations against Confederate forces. He details the planning and execution of the attack on Belmont, the initial success of the Union troops, their subsequent demoralization after capturing the camp, and the narrow escape he and his men made back to their transports under enemy fire.
Chapter 23
General Halleck in Command—Commanding the District of Cairo—Movement on Fort Henry—Capture of Fort Henry
Grant describes the period after the Battle of Belmont, with General Halleck assuming command of the Department of the Missouri. He reflects on the South's advantage in trained officers and his own frustrations with Halleck's reception of his plan to advance up the Tennessee River. After a reconnaissance ordered by McClellan and a report from General C. F. Smith confirming the feasibility of capturing Fort Heiman, Grant and Flag-officer Foote successfully pressed for permission to move on Fort Henry. The chapter details the expedition's preparation, the landing of troops, and the eventual capture of Fort Henry after the garrison's evacuation, with only a small force left to man the guns.
Chapter 24
Investment of Fort Donelson
Grant describes the strategic and logistical challenges of investing Fort Donelson after the fall of Fort Henry, including heavy rains, impassable roads, and the necessity of gunboat support. He details the fort's geography, the Confederate command structure under Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner, and the eventual surrender after a failed breakout attempt. Grant's demand for 'unconditional and immediate surrender' becomes a defining moment, and he notes the escape of Floyd, Pillow, and Forrest with thousands of troops. The chapter concludes with Grant's reflections on the number of prisoners and the assistance of Sherman.
Chapter 25
XXIII
Grant describes his promotion to Major-General of Volunteers after the fall of Fort Donelson, his strategic plans to advance on Nashville and Clarksville, the confusion and lack of communication with General Halleck that led to his temporary relief from command, and his eventual restoration. He reflects on the lost opportunity to rapidly seize key Confederate positions and praises General C. F. Smith's abilities.
Chapter 26
XXIV
Grant describes the Battle of Shiloh, focusing on the first day's fighting, the capture of General Prentiss, the performance of raw troops, and the leadership of Sherman. He recounts his own movements, the arrival of Buell, and the stragglers at the river. He also details the days leading up to the battle, including his horse injury and the skirmishing on April 4th.
Chapter 27
XXV
Grant reflects on the Battle of Shiloh, emphasizing the inexperience of his troops and the importance of drill over fortifications. He discusses the leadership of General Buell, the death of Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, and the strategic shift toward total war that followed the battle.
Chapter 28
Halleck Assumes Command in the Field—The Advance Upon Corinth—Occupation of Corinth—The Army Separated
General Halleck assumes command at Pittsburg Landing, reorganizing the Union forces into three armies under Buell, Pope, and Grant. The slow, cautious advance on Corinth begins, with strict orders to avoid battle and entrench at every step. Grant, marginalized in command, considers resigning. After weeks of siege, the Confederates evacuate Corinth without a fight, disappointing Union troops. Halleck fortifies the town extensively, then disperses the army: Buell is sent eastward on a slow railroad repair mission, while the Army of the Tennessee is left idle. Grant argues that a prompt, aggressive pursuit after Shiloh could have captured Corinth in two days and prevented later costly campaigns.
Chapter 29
Chapter XXVII
Grant describes the challenges of occupying Confederate territory, including the demoralizing effect of cotton trading, the need to protect supply lines, and the difficulties of coordinating with Buell's campaign against Chattanooga. He recounts skirmishes near Bolivar and Medon, the surrender of Clarksville by Colonel Rodney Mason, and his interactions with General Sheridan. Grant also discusses his policy of not arresting civilians, his response to complaints about the occupation of a Memphis church and the confiscation of debts, and his assumption of command after Halleck's departure.
Chapter 30
XXVIII
Grant describes the strategic situation in September 1862, with Confederate forces under Van Dorn and Price threatening Corinth and Iuka. He details his plan to trap Price at Iuka by coordinating an attack from General Ord's forces from the northwest and General Rosecrans's forces from the south. The battle of Iuka occurs on September 19, but due to wind conditions and Rosecrans's failure to block the Fulton road, Price escapes during the night. Grant expresses disappointment but refrains from criticizing Rosecrans.
Chapter 31
Van Dorn's Movements — Battle of Corinth — Command of the Department of the Tennessee
Grant describes the strategic situation in late 1862, including the threat from Confederate General Van Dorn, the Battle of Corinth, and the subsequent relief of Rosecrans. He details the difficulties of operating in hostile territory, the reinforcement and defense of Corinth, the failure to pursue the retreating enemy, and his own promotion to command of the Department of the Tennessee, which allowed him to prepare for an offensive against Vicksburg.
Chapter 32
The Campaign Against Vicksburg
Grant details the strategic importance of Vicksburg, the initial movements of his campaign, the challenges of supply lines, the employment of freedmen to harvest crops, and the setback caused by the capture of Holly Springs by Confederate cavalry under Van Dorn.
Chapter 33
Headquarters Moved to Holly Springs—General McClernand in Command—Assuming Command at Young’s Point—Operations Above Vicksburg—Fortifications About Vicksburg—The Canal—Lake Providence—Operations at Yazoo Pass
Grant describes the strategic challenges and political pressures of the Vicksburg campaign in early 1863. Facing high water, demoralization in the North, and distrust of General McClernand, Grant assumes personal command at Young’s Point. He details the failed experiments to bypass Vicksburg, the capture of Arkansas Post, and the decision to press forward despite the risk of appearing to retreat.
Chapter 34
The Vicksburg Campaign: Running the Batteries
Grant reflects on his reluctance to seek command through influence, his strategic planning for the Vicksburg campaign, and the daring naval operation to run the Confederate batteries. He describes the cooperation with Admiral Porter, the passage of the fleet, and the subsequent movement of troops under McClernand, Sherman, and McPherson.
Chapter 35
Attack on Grand Gulf — Operations Below Vicksburg
Grant describes the strategic movement of his forces from Perkins' plantation to Hard Times, the failed naval bombardment of Grand Gulf, and the subsequent successful crossing of the Mississippi River at Bruinsburg. He details the landing of McClernand's and McPherson's corps, the march to Port Gibson, and the battle there against General Bowen's Confederate forces. The chapter emphasizes the logistical challenges, the division of troops along two ridges, and the eventual Union victory that secured a foothold on the east side of the river, setting the stage for the Vicksburg campaign.
Chapter 36
Capture of Port Gibson — Grierson's Raid — Occupation of Grand Gulf — Movement Up the Big Black — Battle of Raymond
Grant describes the capture of Port Gibson, the construction of a bridge across the South Fork of the Bayou Pierre, and the reinforcement by Crocker's division. He recounts the battle at Thompson's Hill, the loss of his son Frederick and Mr. Dana finding their own mounts, and the decision to abandon Grand Gulf as a base after learning Banks could not cooperate. Grant resolves to cut loose from his base, live off the country, and move independently against Vicksburg. He details the collection of a motley train of ammunition wagons, the foraging for food, and the orders for reconnaissance to deceive the enemy.
Chapter 37
Movement Against Jackson—Fall of Jackson—Intercepting the Enemy—Battle of Champion's Hill
Grant decides to abandon his supply base and move his entire force eastward to capture Jackson, the Confederate capital of Mississippi, before turning on Pemberton. After McPherson's victory at Raymond, Grant orders a swift advance on Jackson, which falls on May 14. Grant then intercepts Pemberton's army at Champion's Hill, forcing a Confederate retreat. The chapter details the strategic maneuvers, the destruction of Jackson as a military center, and the capture of seventeen guns and supplies.
Chapter 38
Battle of Black River Bridge—Crossing the Big Black—Investment of Vicksburg—Assaulting the Works
Grant's forces pursue Pemberton after Champion's Hill, defeat the Confederates at the Big Black River, and cross into Vicksburg's outskirts. Despite a failed assault on May 22, Grant tightens the siege, securing a base on the Yazoo and positioning his three corps around the city.
Chapter 39
Siege of Vicksburg
Grant describes the decision to lay siege to Vicksburg after the failed assault of May 22, detailing the complete investment of the city by Union forces and the navy. He recounts the rapid campaign from Bruinsburg to the rear of Vicksburg, listing the five battles fought, the captures made, and the strategic advantages gained. The chapter covers the construction of siege works, the use of engineer officers, the placement of artillery, and the reinforcement of the Union line. It also includes the relief of General McClernand for publishing an unauthorized congratulatory order.
Chapter 40
The Surrender of Vicksburg
This chapter details the negotiations and final surrender of Vicksburg, including Grant's firm but magnanimous terms, the paroling of Confederate prisoners, and the respectful fraternization between the two armies as the garrison marched out.
Chapter 41
Retrospect of the Campaign
Grant reflects on the aftermath of the Vicksburg campaign, including the capture of prisoners and arms, the strategic importance of the victory, and the subsequent operations to clear the region. He discusses the harmonious cooperation with the Navy under Porter, the character of General Blair, and the painful accident that left him incapacitated. The chapter also covers the dispatch of troops to support Rosecrans after Chickamauga and the broader impact of Vicksburg and Gettysburg on Union morale.
Chapter 42
First Meeting with Secretary Stanton—General Rosecrans—Commanding Military Division of Mississippi—Andrew Johnson’s Address—Arrival at Chattanooga
Grant recounts his first meeting with Secretary Stanton in Louisville, his acceptance of command of the Military Division of Mississippi, and his urgent journey to Chattanooga to relieve the besieged Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans. He describes the dire supply situation, the defeat at Chickamauga, and his initial actions to stabilize the front, including coordinating with Generals Thomas, Sherman, and W. F. Smith.
Chapter 43
Assuming the Command at Chattanooga—Opening a Line of Supplies—Battle of Wauhatchie—On the Picket Line
Grant arrives at Chattanooga to find the Army of the Cumberland besieged and starving. He personally reconnoiters the enemy positions, then orders a daring operation to open a supply line (the 'cracker line') via Brown's Ferry. Troops under Generals Smith, Hazen, Hooker, and Howard execute a night river crossing and secure Lookout Valley, despite a Confederate attack at Wauhatchie. The successful opening of the route brings food, clothing, and ammunition, revitalizing the Union army and lifting morale. Grant reflects on the broader costs and benefits of the war, arguing that the South's defeat was ultimately beneficial.
Chapter 44
XLII
Grant describes the logistical and strategic preparations for the Battle of Chattanooga, including the rebuilding of railroads, the relief of Burnside in East Tennessee, and the coordinated attack plan involving Sherman, Hooker, and Thomas against Bragg's forces.
Chapter 45
XLIII
Grant details the preparations for battle at Chattanooga, including Thomas's advance on the first line of the enemy, Sherman's assault on Missionary Ridge, and Hooker's fight at Lookout Mountain. The chapter covers the movements of troops, the construction of bridges, and the capture of prisoners, with Grant coordinating efforts to relieve Burnside at Knoxville.
Chapter 46
Battle of Chattanooga
Grant describes the Battle of Chattanooga on November 25, 1863, including the assault on Missionary Ridge, the coordination of forces under Sherman, Hooker, and Thomas, and the complete rout of Bragg's Confederate army. He reflects on Bragg's strategic errors, the intermingling of Union commands without jealousy, and the roles of Jefferson Davis and Longstreet in the campaign.
Chapter 47
The Relief of Knoxville
Following the Union victory at Chattanooga, Grant turns his attention to relieving Burnside's besieged forces at Knoxville. He orders Granger to march but finds him reluctant and slow, forcing Grant to redirect Sherman's weary troops to the rescue. Grant sends Colonel Wilson and Charles Dana into Knoxville with messages to coordinate relief and deceive Longstreet. The chapter details the logistical challenges, the suffering of Sherman's men, and the eventual success of the relief effort, concluding with a summary of Union casualties and captures.
Chapter 48
XLVI
Grant is appointed lieutenant-general, meets President Lincoln, and assumes command of all Union armies. He visits Meade, reassures him of his command, and begins planning the spring campaign. The chapter also covers Sherman's Meridian expedition and the failed cavalry operation under Sooy Smith against Forrest.
Chapter 49
The Military Situation—Plans For the Campaign—Sheridan Assigned to Command of the Cavalry—Flank Movements—Forrest at Fort Pillow—General Banks's Expedition—Colonel Mosby—An Incident of the Wilderness Campaign
Grant outlines the military situation upon assuming command of all Union armies, describing the disposition of forces from the Mississippi to the Atlantic coast. He explains his strategic plan for a simultaneous advance along the entire line, with the Army of the Potomac as the center, Sherman moving against Johnston in Georgia, Butler advancing up the James River, and Sigel operating in the Shenandoah Valley. Grant discusses the necessity of concentrating forces, the abandonment of certain positions, and the failure of Banks's Red River expedition. He also recounts Forrest's massacre at Fort Pillow and the capture of Plymouth, North Carolina, by Confederate forces.
Chapter 50
Commencement of the Grand Campaign—General Butler’s Position—Sheridan’s First Raid
Grant describes the unified strategy for the spring 1864 campaign, with the main objectives being Lee's army at Richmond and Johnston's army at Atlanta. He details the failures of Banks and Sigel, Butler's advance up the James River and subsequent containment at Bermuda Hundred (the 'bottle' analogy), and Sheridan's successful cavalry raid that disrupted Confederate communications, defeated Stuart's cavalry at Yellow Tavern, and reached Butler's lines on the James.
Chapter 51
Sherman's Campaign in Georgia—Siege of Atlanta—Death of General McPherson—Attempt to Capture Andersonville—Capture of Atlanta
Grant details Sherman's 1864 campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, including the strategic flanking of Johnston's forces, the siege and eventual capture of Atlanta, the death of General McPherson, and the impact of the campaign on the 1864 election.
Chapter 52
The Battle of the Wilderness
The Army of the Potomac, under Grant's command, crosses the Rapidan on May 4, 1864, initiating a campaign to capture Richmond. The ensuing Battle of the Wilderness is a brutal, two-day engagement in dense, fire-prone woods, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Despite Confederate attacks and a near breakthrough on the Union left, the battle ends in a tactical stalemate, but Grant presses forward, signaling a shift in Union strategy.
Chapter 53
LI
After the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant describes the army's successful crossing of the Rapidan, the use of telegraph and signal corps, and the movement by the left flank toward Spotsylvania. He details the intense fighting, the accidental Confederate occupation of Spotsylvania due to fires, and the missed opportunities to crush Anderson's corps.
Chapter 54
LII
Grant describes the intense fighting at Spotsylvania Court House, including Upton's failed assault, Burnside's missed opportunity, and the heavy casualties on both sides. He writes his famous 'fight it out on this line if it takes all summer' letter to Halleck, and receives news of Sheridan's successful raid on Lee's supply lines.
Chapter 55
LIII
Grant describes the assault on the Confederate salient at Spotsylvania on May 12, 1864, where Hancock's corps captured thousands of prisoners and numerous guns. Lee counterattacked furiously, leading to intense hand-to-hand combat and heavy losses on both sides. Grant later reduced the army's artillery, issued orders for a left-flank movement toward Richmond, and noted the arrival of Confederate reinforcements.
Chapter 56
Movement by the Left Flank—Battle of North Anna—An Incident of the March—Moving on Richmond—South of the Pamunkey—Position of the National Army
Grant describes the Army of the Potomac's southward movement from Spotsylvania to the North Anna River, the crossing at Jericho Ford, the Battle of North Anna, and the subsequent flanking maneuver to cross the Pamunkey River. He details the strategic withdrawal from the North Anna, the feint by Wilson's cavalry, and the successful crossing at Hanover Town. The chapter includes an incident at a plantation house where Grant reads a dispatch about Sherman's advance into Georgia, and concludes with orders for Hunter's Valley campaign and the shift of the Union base to White House.
Chapter 57
Chapter LV
Grant reflects on the costly assault at Cold Harbor, the failed attempts to collect the wounded and dead under flag of truce, and the justification for the earlier assault at Vicksburg. He describes the correspondence with Lee, the cessation of offensive actions, and the aftermath of the battle.
Chapter 58
Left Flank Movement Across the Chickahominy and James—General Lee—Visit to Butler—The Movement on Petersburg—The Investment of Petersburg
Grant executes a risky left flank maneuver, crossing the Chickahominy and James Rivers to move the Army of the Potomac south of Richmond. He sends Sheridan with two cavalry divisions to link with Hunter and disrupt Confederate supply lines. The army crosses the James on June 14-15, and Grant orders an immediate assault on Petersburg. Despite initial opportunities, delays allow Beauregard to reinforce and fortify, leading to heavy fighting from June 15-18. The chapter concludes with the beginning of the siege of Petersburg, as Union forces invest the city and cut its railroads.
Chapter 59
Chapter LVII
Grant orchestrates the defense of Washington and the Shenandoah Valley by appointing Sheridan to command, overrides objections from Stanton, and coordinates troop movements to threaten Richmond and prevent Confederate reinforcements from reaching Early. He also manages the crisis of the draft resistance in the North, supports Sherman's campaign near Atlanta by sending raw troops, and oversees the construction of the mine at Petersburg for a planned assault.
Chapter 60
LVIII
Grant describes his strategic planning for the final campaign of the war, including the relief of General Hancock and the assignment of General Humphreys to command the 2nd Corps. He details his visit to General Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, Sheridan's decisive victory over Early at Opequon Creek, and the subsequent destruction of Confederate supplies. Grant also notes the political context of the 1864 election and the administration's concerns about Sheridan's pursuit.
Chapter 61
The Campaign in Georgia—Sherman’s March to the Sea—War Anecdotes—The March on Savannah—Investment of Savannah—Capture of Savannah
Grant recounts Sherman's March to the Sea following the fall of Atlanta, including Jefferson Davis's speeches, the change from Johnston to Hood, Hood's aggressive but flawed strategy, Sherman's march through Georgia, the capture of Savannah, and the surrender of the garrison. Grant also includes anecdotes about a blockade runner captured after the city's fall and clarifies that Sherman himself devised the march plan.
Chapter 62
The Battle of Franklin—The Battle of Nashville
Grant recounts Hood's crossing of the Tennessee River and the subsequent battles of Franklin and Nashville. He describes Schofield's retreat, the fierce fighting at Franklin, and his own frustration with General Thomas's slow preparations at Nashville. Grant ultimately threatened to relieve Thomas, but Thomas finally attacked on December 15-16, routing Hood's army. The pursuit was hampered by a pontoon bridge mishap, allowing Hood to escape.
Chapter 63
LXI: Expedition Against Fort Fisher
Grant details the strategic importance of Fort Fisher, the failed first expedition under General Butler, and the successful second expedition under General Terry, culminating in the fort's capture after a fierce assault.
Chapter 64
Sherman's March North
Grant details the strategic coordination of Union forces in early 1865, focusing on Sherman's march through the Carolinas, the difficulties with Canby and Thomas in executing supporting movements, and the Confederate efforts to concentrate troops under Joseph E. Johnston to oppose Sherman. Grant approves Sherman's proposal to march north instead of moving by sea, and outlines the logistical and tactical preparations for the campaign.
Chapter 65
Arrival of the Peace Commissioners—Lincoln and the Peace Commissioners—An Anecdote of Lincoln—The Winter Before Petersburg—Sheridan Destroys the Railroad—Gordon Carries the Picket Line—Parke Recaptures the Line—The Line of Battle of White Oak Road
Grant recounts the arrival of Confederate peace commissioners at City Point in late January 1865, his instructions to detain them, and Lincoln's subsequent meeting at Hampton Roads where he insisted on Union preservation and abolition of slavery. He shares an anecdote about Lincoln's humorous remark on Stephens's overcoat. Grant then describes the quiet winter before Petersburg, his fears of Lee's escape, the Confederate conscription of boys and old men, and Sheridan's destructive raid on railroads and canals. He notes the capture of beef cattle by Wade Hampton and reflects on the arithmetic of Confederate depletion through desertions and losses.
Chapter 66
LXIV
Grant details the final campaign against Petersburg and Richmond, beginning with Sheridan's arrival and the strategic plan to capture Five Forks. Despite heavy rains and difficult terrain, the Union forces execute a coordinated assault on April 2, 1865, breaking through Confederate lines. Sheridan's cavalry and the 5th Corps rout the enemy at Five Forks, while Wright and Parke storm the outer works of Petersburg, securing a decisive victory that forces Lee's retreat and leads to the fall of Richmond.
Chapter 67
The Capture of Petersburg—Meeting President Lincoln in Petersburg—The Capture of Richmond—Pursuing the Enemy—Visit to Sheridan and Meade
Grant describes the final days of the Petersburg and Richmond campaigns, including the capture of Petersburg, his meeting with President Lincoln, the fall of Richmond, and the relentless pursuit of Lee's army. He recounts strategic decisions, the ruse of a Confederate engineer, and the desperate conditions of Lee's forces as they fled toward Appomattox.
Chapter 68
The Correspondence and Surrender at Appomattox
Grant describes the final days leading to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, including Sheridan's capture of supply trains at Appomattox, the exchange of letters between Grant and Lee regarding surrender terms, and the crumbling of Lee's army as soldiers desert to their homes. The chapter culminates in the engagement at Appomattox where Lee, confronted by Union infantry and cavalry, raises a white flag.
Chapter 69
LXVII: Negotiations at Appomattox
Grant describes the final negotiations leading to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, including his correspondence with Lee, the terms of surrender, their cordial meeting, and Grant's efforts to prevent exultation over the defeated Confederates.
Chapter 70
Morale of the Two Armies—President Lincoln Visits Richmond—President Lincoln's Assassination—President Johnson's Policy
Grant contrasts the high morale of the National troops with the deep depression of the Confederates after Petersburg and Sailor's Creek, leading to Lee's surrender at Appomattox with only 28,356 men paroled. He analyzes the relative strengths of North and South, arguing that the South's total mobilization and lack of rear-guard obligations offset the North's numerical advantage. Grant then recounts President Lincoln's visit to Richmond, his assassination, and the shift in policy under President Johnson, which led to Congressional radicalization and the push for immediate black enfranchisement.
Chapter 71
LXIX
Grant describes the aftermath of Lee's surrender, including Sherman's negotiations with Johnston, the controversy over the terms Sherman offered, Grant's intervention to correct the terms, and the final surrenders of Confederate forces. He also recounts the late expeditions under Canby, Stoneman, and Wilson, and offers assessments of Generals Thomas and Canby.
Chapter 72
The End of the War — The March to Washington — One of Lincoln’s Anecdotes — Grand Review at Washington — Characteristics of Lincoln and Stanton — Estimate of the Different Corps Commanders
Grant describes the final days of the war, the march of Sherman's army to Washington, and the Grand Review. He reflects on the characters of Lincoln and Stanton, offering a nuanced comparison. The chapter concludes with Grant's personal estimates of several corps commanders, including Meade, Burnside, Hooker, Hancock, Sedgwick, and Terry.
Chapter 73
Conclusion
Grant reflects on the causes of the Civil War, attributing it to slavery and the political struggles over its expansion. He discusses the war's impact on national unity, the role of European powers, and the need for military preparedness to maintain peace. He also notes the postwar reconciliation with former Confederates.
Chapter 74
Appendix
The appendix of Grant's memoirs, containing supplementary material such as official reports, correspondence, and statistical data related to the Civil War campaigns and the final surrender at Appomattox.
Chapter 75
Report of Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant, of the United States Armies 1864–65
Grant submits a comprehensive report on the final campaigns of the Civil War, outlining his strategic philosophy of continuous, coordinated pressure to break the Confederate military power. He details the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox, the subsequent surrender of Johnston's forces, and the overall collapse of the rebellion. The report emphasizes Grant's conviction that only total military defeat could secure a lasting peace and national reunion.
Chapter 76
Organization Charts—Union and Confederate
This chapter presents detailed organizational charts of the Union Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia as of May 5, 1864, listing commanders, divisions, brigades, and artillery units.
Chapter 77
Union Army on the Rapidan, May 5, 1864
This chapter presents the detailed order of battle for the Union Army as it prepared to cross the Rapidan River on May 5, 1864, under the overall command of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. It lists the commanding officers of the Army of the Potomac, led by Major-General George G. Meade, and the Ninth Army Corps under Major-General Ambrose E. Burnside, along with their respective corps, divisions, brigades, and artillery units.
Chapter 78
Confederate Army
This chapter provides a detailed organizational breakdown of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia as of August 31, 1834, listing the command structure, divisions, brigades, and artillery units under General Robert E. Lee.
Chapter 79
List of Illustrations
This chapter lists the maps included in the book, covering key locations and campaigns from the Mexican-American War through the Civil War, including battles in the Western and Eastern theaters, sieges, and marches.
Chapter 80
Maps
This chapter focuses on the strategic importance of maps during the Civil War, detailing how Grant and his generals utilized cartography to plan campaigns, understand terrain, and coordinate movements. It highlights the challenges of inaccurate or incomplete maps and the reliance on local knowledge and reconnaissance.
Chapter 81
Endnotes
This chapter contains endnotes and supplementary correspondence from General Grant's memoirs, including letters regarding the Battle of Spotsylvania, promotions for gallant service, strategic plans for the spring campaign of 1864, and notes on the Mexican-American War and the Soldiers' Home.
