The Theory of Moral Sentiments · Chapter
IV: Of Licentious Systems explained
Smith critiques Dr.
What happens
Smith critiques Dr. Mandeville's system, which he argues erases the distinction between vice and virtue by reducing all virtuous actions to vanity. Smith contrasts this with the ancient systems of propriety, benevolence, and prudence, which, despite their defects, encourage virtuous habits. He distinguishes between the desire for praiseworthiness, the love of true glory, and mere vanity, emphasizing the sublime motive of acting from a regard to what is right, independent of actual praise.
Themes in this chapter
Desire for Praiseworthiness vs. Mere Praise
Smith distinguishes between the desire to be praiseworthy, the love of true glory, and mere vanity, emphasizing the sublime motive of acting from a regard to what is right.
Corruption of Moral Sentiments by Wealth and Rank
Mandeville's system is criticized for corrupting moral distinctions by reducing all virtue to vanity and self-interest.
Characters to notice
- Dr. Mandeville
Smith critiques Mandeville's licentious system, which reduces all virtue to vanity and denies the real distinction between vice and virtue.
- Epicurus
Epicurus's system is discussed as the most imperfect of the three, yet it shows how virtue promotes self-interest, ease, and security.
- Cicero
Cicero, though an enemy of Epicureanism, borrows from Epicurus to argue that virtue alone secures happiness.
- Seneca
Seneca, a Stoic, quotes Epicurus frequently, showing the influence of Epicurean ideas across philosophical sects.
Key passages
“The man who acts solely from a regard to what is right and fit to be done, from a regard to what is the proper object of esteem and approbation, though these sentiments should never be bestowed upon him, acts from the most sublime and godlike motive which human nature is even capable of conceiving.”
A person who does what is right simply because it is right, even if no one ever praises them, is acting from the highest possible human motive.
Smith contrasts this pure motive with the desire for actual praise, highlighting the ideal of praiseworthiness.
“Dr. Mandeville is not satisfied with representing the frivolous motive of vanity, as the source of all those actions which are commonly accounted virtuous.”
Mandeville goes beyond claiming that vanity drives all virtuous actions; he also points out the imperfections in human virtue.
Smith introduces Mandeville's system as one that undermines the distinction between vice and virtue.