The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism · Chapter
International Policy explained
Russell argues that the Bolshevik regime's harshness stems from war and civil conflict, and that peace and trade would cure Russia's evils.
What happens
Russell argues that the Bolshevik regime's harshness stems from war and civil conflict, and that peace and trade would cure Russia's evils. He contends the Bolshevik government is stable and necessary for Russia, but criticizes its international policy as imperialistic and dangerous, especially in Asia. He distinguishes between practical Bolsheviks who seek national development and those driven by revolutionary and imperial ambitions.
Themes in this chapter
Power and Dictatorship
Russell argues that the Bolshevik government is stable and necessary, but warns of a potential shift to a Bonapartist military autocracy.
Individual vs. State
The chapter discusses how war and civil conflict force the state to impose harshness, espionage, and curtailment of liberty, which would ease with peace.
Bolshevism as a Religion
Russell criticizes the Bolshevik international programme as a form of ideological imperialism, blending revolutionary theory with Asiatic dominion ambitions.
Characters to notice
- Lenin
Russell references Lenin's 'First Sketch of the Theses on National and Colonial Questions' and notes Lenin's role in preventing a Bonapartist military autocracy.
- Marx
Mentioned in the context of Bolshevik international policy, noting that Persians and Hindus are considered not yet ripe for Marx's doctrines.
- Sonia
Referenced indirectly in the context of 'dreams of sapphires and rubies and golden thrones and all the glories of their forefather Solomon' as a metaphor for imperial ambitions.
Key passages
“Harshness, espionage, and a curtailment of liberty result unavoidably from these difficulties.”
The Bolshevik regime's oppressive measures are a direct consequence of war and civil conflict.
Russell justifies Bolshevik harshness as a temporary necessity due to external and internal threats.
“I have no doubt whatever that the sole cure for the evils from which Russia is suffering is peace and trade.”
Russell believes that ending war and resuming commerce would resolve Russia's problems.
This reflects Russell's core argument that economic recovery and international trade are essential for reform.
“The policy of crushing Bolshevism by force was always foolish and criminal; it has now become impossible and fraught with disaster.”
Attempting to destroy Bolshevism militarily is both morally wrong and practically doomed, leading to catastrophic consequences.
Russell condemns the Entente's interventionist policy as counterproductive and dangerous.
“they are neither angels to be worshipped nor devils to be exterminated, but merely bold and able men attempting with great skill an almost impossible task.”
The Bolsheviks should be seen as pragmatic leaders tackling an enormous challenge, not as saints or demons.
Russell urges a balanced, non-melodramatic view of the Bolsheviks.