Romola · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for Romola by George Eliot.
Chapter 1
Proem
The Proem introduces the setting of Florence in 1492, reflecting on the continuity of human experience across centuries. A Florentine spirit from the past returns to the city and observes its enduring landmarks, while the narrative hints at the political and religious turmoil of the era, including the preaching of Savonarola and the legacy of Lorenzo de' Medici.
Chapter 2
Romola
This chapter introduces the world of Romola, a historical novel set in Renaissance Florence. The narrative weaves together the lives of its central characters, including Romola, Tito Melema, and Baldassarre, against a backdrop of political and religious turmoil. The chapter explores themes of duty, betrayal, and the struggle for moral integrity, as characters navigate personal desires and societal expectations.
Chapter 3
Book I
The opening of the novel introduces the world of Florence in 1492, a city on the brink of political and religious upheaval. We are introduced to Nello, the barber, and his shop as a hub of gossip and news. The chapter also presents the Greek scholar Tito Melema, who arrives in Florence and is immediately drawn into the city's social and political currents. We also meet Tessa, a simple country girl, and the scholar Bardo de' Bardi, whose daughter Romola is a central figure. The chapter sets the stage for the intertwining fates of these characters against the backdrop of Florentine life.
Chapter 4
The Shipwrecked Stranger
In the bustling Mercato Vecchio of Florence, a crowd gathers to discuss political and religious tensions, including the recent death of Lorenzo de' Medici and the preaching of Fra Girolamo Savonarola. Amidst the chatter, Bratti Ferravecchi, a junk dealer, encounters a mysterious shipwrecked stranger and attempts to learn his story, but the stranger proves elusive. The chapter introduces the vibrant market scene and the social dynamics of Florence, setting the stage for the stranger's arrival and the political upheaval to come.
Chapter 5
II: Breakfast for Love
In this chapter, the young stranger, Tito Melema, finds himself hungry and without money in the marketplace of Florence. He encounters Tessa, a young girl selling milk and bread, and charms her into giving him breakfast. Their interaction is interrupted by Tessa's mother, Monna Ghita, who scolds both Tito and Tessa. Bratti and Nello, the barber, observe the scene, with Nello identifying Tito as a Greek. The chapter ends with Tito leaving with Nello, while Tessa casts a timid glance at him.
Chapter 6
The Barber's Shop
Tito Melema, a young Greek scholar, arrives in Florence with Nello the barber, who offers to help him navigate the city's intellectual circles. Nello advises Tito on appearance and introduces him to potential patrons, including Bartolommeo Scala and the blind scholar Bardo de' Bardi, whose beautiful daughter Romola is mentioned. Tito reveals his Greek heritage and his recent misfortune, while Nello discusses the political climate following Lorenzo de' Medici's death.
Chapter 7
IV: First Impressions
In Nello's barber shop, Tito Melema is introduced to Domenico Cennini, a goldsmith, and Piero di Cosimo, a painter. Tito seeks to pawn a valuable ring, and Piero, struck by Tito's face, suggests he would make a perfect model for a traitor in his painting. Tito is momentarily startled but recovers, and Cennini agrees to help him find work, inviting him to meet his brother. Nello, the barber, is charmed by Tito and plans to learn more about him before introducing him to Bardo Bardi.
Chapter 8
V: The Blind Scholar and His Daughter
This chapter introduces the setting of the Via de' Bardi and the historical background of the Bardi family, once powerful merchants and nobles who fell from prominence. The narrative then focuses on the blind scholar Bardo de' Bardi and his devoted daughter, Romola, in their home. Bardo, lamenting his lost sight and unfulfilled scholarly ambitions, discusses his library and the threat of printing presses with Romola. He expresses his disappointment that Romola, as a woman, cannot be the scholarly heir he desires, though he acknowledges her value and affection. Romola, in turn, offers to study diligently and become learned to be more useful to him, even hoping to attract a great scholar as a husband who could live with them. The chapter highlights the deep bond between father and daughter, set against Bardo's intellectual pride and his grief over his limitations.
Chapter 9
VI: Dawning Hopes
Tito Melema is presented to Bardo de' Bardi by Nello, the barber. Bardo, a blind scholar, is impressed by Tito's Greek learning and offers his patronage. Romola, Bardo's daughter, is struck by Tito's youth and beauty, and a mutual attraction begins to form. Bardo discusses a potential scholarly collaboration with Tito, while Tito mentions his need to sell some gems. Romola feels a new sense of comradeship with Tito, and her initial coldness melts into a smile.
Chapter 10
A Learned Squabble
Tito Melema visits Bartolommeo Scala, the Secretary of the Florentine Republic, to sell his gems and gain favor. The chapter details Scala's character, his pompous yet honest nature, and his bitter scholarly quarrel with Politian. Tito, eager to please, skillfully navigates the conversation, flattering Scala by criticizing Politian's Greek epigram. The interview ends successfully, with Scala agreeing to buy Tito's gems and inviting him to return, making Tito feel that fortune is finally favoring him.
Chapter 11
A Face in the Crowd
During the Feast of San Giovanni, Tito Melema observes the grand procession from a window with Nello, Piero di Cosimo, Cennini, and others. He spots a friar whose face stirs a faint, unpleasant memory, but the man disappears into the Duomo. The conversation turns to politics and art, and Tito greets a young contadina in the crowd, which Nello teases him about. The chapter highlights Tito's social grace and the tension between his public charm and private unease.
Chapter 12
A Man's Ransom
Tito Melema, after encountering Tessa in the crowd, reflects on his growing affection for Romola and his ambitions in Florence. He receives a sum of money from Domenico Cennini, which triggers a deep internal conflict about whether to use it to search for his adoptive father, Baldassarre, who may be enslaved. Tito rationalizes his decision to stay in Florence, prioritizing his own desires over his duty to his father.
Chapter 13
X: Under the Plane-Tree
On the day of San Giovanni, Tito Melema, having recently handed money to Cennini, wanders through Florence with a carefree demeanor. He encounters a crowd gathered around a conjuror who is holding a young contadina, Tessa, against her will. Tito intervenes, freeing her, and they walk together to the Prato, where they sit under a plane-tree outside the gates. Tessa, a simple and affectionate girl, shares her apricots and sweetmeats with Tito, and they talk about her life, her fears, and her faith. Tito, charmed by her innocence, flirts with her and eventually falls asleep with his head on her lap. When he wakes, he realizes he has delayed too long and must leave, but Tessa's sorrow prompts him to promise to see her again. The chapter highlights Tito's aversion to unpleasantness and his tendency to yield to immediate pleasures, even at the cost of his obligations.
Chapter 14
XI: Tito's Dilemma
Tito Melema is confronted by Fra Luca, who recognizes him and implies knowledge of his past. Tito fears that his secret about Baldassarre will be exposed, but he decides to conceal the truth and continue his life in Florence. He rationalizes his abandonment of Baldassarre, convincing himself that he is not obligated to search for him. He visits Bardo and Romola, maintaining a cheerful demeanor, and later goes to San Marco to question Fra Luca, only to learn that the friar has been taken to Fiesole due to illness, providing Tito with a temporary sense of relief.
Chapter 15
XII: The Prize Is Nearly Grasped
Tito, relieved of his immediate fear, visits Bardo and Romola. Bardo, invigorated by Tito's help with his scholarly work, proposes expanding their project. Tito seizes the moment to ask Bardo for Romola's hand in marriage. Romola affirms her love, and Bardo, though initially cautious and wanting to consult Bernardo del Nero, gives his tentative blessing. Tito feels a pang of regret over his past deceit, hoping Fra Luca's death will end the threat of exposure.
Chapter 16
XIII: The Shadow of Nemesis
Tito, now betrothed to Romola, feels the shadow of his past deeds closing in. He learns that Romola's long-lost brother, Dino, is dying at San Marco, and he fears that Dino will reveal his secret betrayal of his adoptive father, Baldassarre. Tito's anxiety grows as he realizes his prospects in Florence are threatened. He attempts to distract himself with social engagements, but the news of Dino's presence in Florence and Romola's determination to see her brother fill him with dread. The chapter ends with Tito encountering Romola in the street, dressed to visit San Marco, and he is forced to accompany her, his inner turmoil mounting.
Chapter 17
XIV: The Peasants' Fair
Tito wanders into the crowded Piazza della SS. Annunziata during the Fierucoloni, the peasants' fair on the Eve of the Nativity of the Virgin. He encounters Bratti, who is mysteriously guarding a covered basket. Tito then meets Tessa, a simple peasant girl, and they wander through the fair together. Under the influence of his despair and a desire for adoration, Tito allows Tessa to believe they have been married by a conjuror disguised as a bishop. He instructs her to keep their 'marriage' a secret and to return to her home, promising to come to her again.
Chapter 18
XV: The Dying Message
Romola is summoned to San Marco to see her dying brother, Fra Luca (Dino). Despite her resentment for his abandonment of their father, she goes. Dino delivers a prophetic vision warning her against marriage, depicting a man with a blank face leading her and her father to ruin. Fra Girolamo Savonarola is present, urging Romola to kneel and accept the message. Dino dies after giving Romola a crucifix as a symbol of the warning. Romola leaves shaken, feeling the weight of death and the prophecy, and hurries back to her father and Tito, unaware that Tito's guilt is already driving them apart.
Chapter 19
XVI: A Florentine Joke
Tito Melema, having sold Baldassarre's ring, returns through Florence feeling the weight of his deeds. He is stopped by Niccolò Machiavelli, who invites him to the Rucellai Gardens. At Nello's barber shop, a crowd gathers, and Nello plays a practical joke on the quack doctor Maestro Tacco, while Tito overhears news about Monna Ghita's death, which stirs his thoughts about Tessa.
Chapter 20
Under the Loggia
Romola and Tito meet alone in the loggia for the first time. Romola, deeply affected by her brother Dino's death and his vision, seeks comfort in Tito. Tito, initially fearing discovery of his secret, is relieved when Romola does not suspect him. He dismisses the vision as monkish fantasy and urges her to forget it. Romola, torn between her grief and her love for Tito, expresses her devotion and her desire to marry soon, despite her godfather's objections.
Chapter 21
XVIII: The Portrait
Tito, relieved after escaping the threat of Baldassarre, reflects on his recent deceptions, including selling his ring and his encounter with Tessa. He resolves to avoid further entanglements and decides to commission a painting from Piero di Cosimo to account for the ring's absence and to distract Romola from monkish fancies. Visiting Piero's studio, Tito sees a sketch the artist has made of him, which portrays him with an expression of intense fear. Piero explains he painted Tito's face because it expresses fear well, and he plans to finish the piece by adding a ghost. Tito, unnerved by the image, maintains his composure and arranges for the commission of a triptych depicting the triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne.
Chapter 22
XIX: The Old Man’s Hope
The chapter focuses on the growing acceptance of Tito Melema within Florentine high society, particularly his favor with Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici. Messer Bernardo del Nero, despite initial reservations, begins to approve of Tito as a suitable husband for Romola, impressed by his success and ability to navigate social circles. The chapter also details the ongoing concern for Bardo's library, with Tito and Bernardo planning to manage Bardo's debts and secure the library's future. Romola's deep love and trust in Tito are evident, though Bernardo hints at a subtle wariness of Tito's adaptability.
Chapter 23
XX: The Day of the Betrothal
On the day of Romola and Tito's betrothal, a modest procession accompanies them to Santa Croce for the ceremony. Afterward, Tito presents Romola with a painted tabernacle by Piero di Cosimo, designed to hide away the crucifix from San Marco, symbolizing his desire to bury sadness and focus on their joy. However, a grim Carnival procession of Winged Time and the sheeted dead unsettles Romola, evoking her brother's vision. Tito dismisses it as mere fooling, but Romola's unease lingers.
Chapter 24
Book II
Book II opens with Tito Melema enjoying his newfound acceptance in Florentine society, particularly among the intellectual circle of Bardo de' Bardi. He is presented to Bardo, who is impressed by his learning and charm. Tito becomes a regular visitor to the Bardi household, where he meets Romola, Bardo's daughter, and begins to court her. Meanwhile, Tito's past threatens to catch up with him. Baldassarre, his adoptive father, has arrived in Florence and recognizes Tito in the Duomo, but Tito denies knowing him. Tito also sells a ring that Baldassarre had given him, a symbol of their bond, to a jeweler. The chapter also introduces Tessa, a simple country girl whom Tito has secretly married in a mock ceremony, and her children. Romola, unaware of Tito's deception, becomes increasingly drawn to him, while her own sense of duty to her blind father and her intellectual pursuits create inner conflict. The political landscape of Florence is also shifting, with the Medici faction gaining power and the influence of Savonarola growing, setting the stage for the conflicts to come.
Chapter 25
Florence Expects a Guest
In November 1494, Florence prepares for the arrival of King Charles VIII of France, whose invasion of Italy has been invited by Ludovico Sforza of Milan. The city is in a state of mixed anticipation and fear, having recently expelled Piero de' Medici and restored the Republic. Savonarola's prophecies of a divine scourge seem to be materializing, and the Florentines, while outwardly festive, are also arming themselves in case the French king proves hostile. The chapter also reflects on the political corruption and moral decay of Italy, contrasting it with Savonarola's fervent belief in divine justice.
Chapter 26
The Prisoners
In this chapter, Tito Melema encounters his adoptive father Baldassarre Calvo, who has been captured as a prisoner. The confrontation is tense and silent, with Tito denying any knowledge of Baldassarre, who disappears into the church. Meanwhile, the city prepares for a procession, and Tito is seen in the company of Lorenzo Tornabuoni and a French nobleman, acting as an interpreter. The chapter also depicts the harsh treatment of prisoners by French soldiers, with Baldassarre refusing to beg for alms, drawing the anger of the Florentine crowd.
Chapter 27
XXIII: Afterthoughts
Tito Melema reflects on the consequences of his impulsive denial of Baldassarre, realizing that his habitual choice of self-preservation has led him into a dangerous position. He considers the possibility of Baldassarre's madness as a defense, but also fears physical vengeance. Despite the option of confession, Tito clings to deceit and defensive armor. Meanwhile, the crowd disperses, and Tito learns from the French soldier that Baldassarre is a prisoner, possibly mad but harmless. Tornabuoni suggests attending Savonarola's sermon, but Tito goes to the Palazzo Vecchio, haunted by the serpent-like threat of Baldassarre's living revenge.
Chapter 28
Inside the Duomo
Baldassarre, bound and escaped, enters the Duomo during Savonarola's sermon. He is initially startled by the vast congregation but becomes absorbed in the preacher's fiery denunciation of corruption and prophecy of divine vengeance. Savonarola's words resonate deeply with Baldassarre's burning desire for revenge against Tito, and he feels a fierce exultation in the promise of eternal punishment. Romola, present in the cathedral, notices Baldassarre and is moved by his aged, suffering appearance.
Chapter 29
XXV: Outside the Duomo
After Savonarola's sermon, Baldassarre is freed from his cords by Piero di Cosimo, who offers him help but is rebuffed. The chapter then describes the diverse crowd leaving the Duomo, illustrating the various social and political factions drawn to Savonarola's preaching, and reflects on the mixed nature of his influence.
Chapter 30
XXVI: The Garment of Fear
The chapter opens with the aftermath of the King of France's grand entrance into Florence, marked by magnificent displays but also confusion and mishaps. Tito Melema, having successfully stepped in to deliver a makeshift French welcome when the official orator failed, walks home through the illuminated streets. His mind is burdened with hidden anxieties, particularly the fear of recognition by Baldassarre. He visits the workshop of Niccolò Caparra to purchase a coat of mail, intending it as protection for himself. Niccolò, suspicious of Tito's motives, reluctantly sells the armor, warning that it is like 'carrying fear about with one.' Tito, feeling the weight of his guilt and fear, takes the armor and continues on his way.
Chapter 31
XXVII: The Young Wife
Romola waits anxiously for Tito's return, feeling the growing distance between them. She reflects on their marriage, her father's death, and her efforts to subdue her nature to her husband's. When Tito arrives, he is cold and distant, and reveals he is wearing chain-armour due to threats. Romola is alarmed and questions him, but Tito deflects her concerns, asking her to keep it a secret. She struggles with her fear and disappointment, trying to reconcile her love for Tito with her growing sense of his unworthiness.
Chapter 32
XXVIII: The Painted Record
Romola visits Piero di Cosimo to check on the progress of her father's portrait, but discovers an oil-sketch of Tito with a prisoner that disturbs her. Despite her curiosity and growing unease, she refrains from questioning Tito, fearing the implications of the painting and the hidden truth it might reveal.
Chapter 33
XXIX: A Moment of Triumph
A week after the French entry into Florence, Nello's shop buzzes with political talk. Piero di Cosimo criticizes Tito Melema's fearful reaction to a stranger's grasp, but Nello defends him. The conversation turns to Savonarola's prophecies and the looming treaty with the French king. Suddenly, a crowd carries Tito into the piazza, where he announces that Piero Capponi's bold defiance has secured an honorable treaty for Florence. Tito enjoys his moment of popular triumph, but his glance then meets a clean-shaven man in the crowd—a man who seems to recognize him.
Chapter 34
XXX: The Avenger's Secret
Baldassarre, having escaped, returns to Florence with a burning desire for vengeance against Tito. He struggles with his shattered memory and identity, recalling his past suffering and Tito's betrayal. He buys a Greek book, hoping to regain his lost knowledge, but finds only darkness.
Chapter 35
XXXI: Fruit Is Seed
Tito, preparing to sell the library against Romola's wishes, avoids her affectionate gesture, marking a growing distance between them. Romola senses his change and feels wounded. Meanwhile, Bernardo del Nero visits, bringing news of the French king's departure and discussing Bardo's portrait, which stirs memories and reflections on the past.
Chapter 36
XXXII: A Revelation
Romola confronts Tito after discovering he has sold her father's library and antiquities without her consent. She is furious and accuses him of treachery, but Tito locks the door and insists the sale is final. Romola's anger and sense of betrayal are overwhelming, and she feels the old Bardo pride awaken in her. The chapter also shows Romola's earlier hope that the departure of the French might ease her anxieties about Tito, but the revelation of his betrayal shatters that hope.
Chapter 37
XXXIII: Baldassarre Makes an Acquaintance
Baldassarre, wandering through Florence, finds a shelter in an outhouse on the hill of San Giorgio, near the Via de' Bardi where Tito lives. He is taken in by Monna Lisa, a deaf old woman, and meets Tessa, a young mother who lives there with her baby. Tessa, who is secretly married to Tito, befriends Baldassarre, bringing him food and company. Their conversation reveals Tessa's innocence and her hidden life, while Baldassarre remains focused on his quest for revenge against Tito.
Chapter 38
No Place for Repentance
Tito, after a confrontation with Romola, seeks refuge with Tessa, his secret wife. He contemplates reconciling with his father Baldassarre, whom he has betrayed, but ultimately hesitates and leaves without confronting him. Baldassarre, alone in his hovel, sharpens his dagger, consumed by rage and the desire for revenge.
Chapter 39
XXXV: What Florence Was Thinking Of
Tito and Romola's relationship remains strained after his betrayal, with Romola withdrawing into silent grief while Tito focuses on his growing political ambitions in Florence. The chapter shifts to the broader political landscape of Florence after the French departure, detailing the city's struggles with debt, war with Pisa, and governmental reform. Savonarola's preaching becomes a powerful force pushing for a more popular government through the establishment of a Great Council, which he frames as the will of God.
Chapter 40
XXXVI: Ariadne Discrowns Herself
Romola, having witnessed the final removal of her father's library, feels the desolation of her loss and the triumph of Florence's Great Council as a cruel mockery. She plans to leave Florence secretly, taking only her wedding chest and a coarse garment, and prepares to sever herself from Tito, who announces a sudden trip to Rome. As she packs, she struggles with memories of her former happiness and the shame of her harsh words, ultimately resolving to depart at dawn with Maso.
Chapter 41
XXXVII: The Tabernacle Unlocked
Romola awakens at dawn, resolved to flee Florence. She gives Maso her traveling wallet and writes farewell letters to Tito and Bernardo del Nero, then takes the key to the painted tabernacle and removes the crucifix, hanging it around her neck. She leaves the house quietly, passes through the city streets, and exits through the Porta San Gallo. On the road, she encounters two monks, which unsettles her, but she continues onward, feeling a sense of freedom and relief as she pauses to rest.
Chapter 42
XXXVIII: The Black Marks Become Magical
Baldassarre, having recovered his memory and sense of purpose, now dedicates himself entirely to vengeance against Tito. He carefully tracks Tito's movements, avoiding any contact that might alert him, and waits for the perfect moment to strike. Meanwhile, Tito attends a supper at the Rucellai Gardens, unaware that he is being followed. Baldassarre's obsession with revenge consumes him, and he feels a renewed sense of power and control as he plans his retribution.
Chapter 43
XXXIX: A Supper in the Rucellai Gardens
Tito attends a political supper at the Rucellai Gardens, where he is courted by members of the Medicean party. The gathering is interrupted by Baldassarre, who publicly accuses Tito of being his adopted son and a traitor. Tito denies the accusation, claiming Baldassarre is a mad servant named Jacopo di Nola. Baldassarre, overwhelmed by rage and the shock of Tito's lie, is unable to defend himself, and the company accepts Tito's version of events. Later, Tornabuoni and Pucci privately flatter Tito, suggesting he could be a valuable agent for the Medici cause, hinting at future rewards.
Chapter 44
XL: An Arresting Voice
Romola, having fled Florence in disguise, is stopped by Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who commands her to return. He argues that she is breaking her vows as a wife and citizen, and that true freedom lies in obedience to duty. Romola, initially defiant, is gradually moved by his words and the sight of the crucifix, ultimately submitting to his authority.
Chapter 45
XLI: Coming Back
Romola, having renounced her plan to flee Florence, returns with Fra Girolamo Savonarola. She agrees to place herself under his guidance and is assigned to Fra Salvestro Maruffi as her confessor, despite her inward misgivings about his character. She returns home, destroys her parting letters, and resumes her usual life, feeling the weight of her renunciation but also a new sense of purpose. The chapter ends on a memorable Christmas Eve in 1494, with Romola alone, having committed to a new path of duty and service.
Chapter 46
Book III
Book III opens with Tito Melema awakening in Florence, reflecting on his past and his new life. He is confronted by Baldassarre, who has followed him and demands recognition. Tito denies knowing him, and Baldassarre is taken away. Tito then goes to the Duomo, where he sees Baldassarre again, who is now being cared for by Romola. Tito, feeling threatened, decides to sell the ring that belonged to Baldassarre to avoid being connected to him. He also becomes more involved in the political intrigues of Florence, aligning himself with the Medici faction. Meanwhile, Romola, who has been tending to Baldassarre, learns of Tito's betrayal and is devastated. The chapter ends with Romola discovering Tito's secret wife, Tessa, and their children, leading her to attempt to flee Florence.
Chapter 47
XLII: Romola in Her Place
In October 1496, Florence faces famine and external threats. The government, influenced by Savonarola, opens gates to the starving, but murmurs grow. Savonarola preaches a bold sermon, promising divine help. Romola, in simple black serge, tends to the sick and hungry. She encounters a bier carrying a man who may not be dead, and offers wine. She leaves him with a kind stranger, Cecco, and continues to the hospital of San Matteo.
Chapter 48
XLIII: The Unseen Madonna
Romola, returning from the hospital, becomes caught in a solemn procession carrying the unseen image of the Madonna through Florence. The city is in extremity, awaiting divine help. As the procession passes, Tito arrives as a messenger with news that French galleys laden with corn and men have safely reached Leghorn, bringing relief to Florence. Romola recognizes her husband but her joy is tempered; she continues to seek Baldassarre, feeling a deep sense of duty towards him.
Chapter 49
XLIV: The Visible Madonna
Romola has become deeply devoted to charitable work, finding purpose and stability in helping the sick and poor of Florence, inspired by Savonarola's teachings. Her encounter with Baldassarre, who is now visibly hostile and suspicious, leads her to offer him shelter and food. He refuses her help but accepts money, and his intense hatred and recognition of her as Tito's wife rekindle her fears about her husband's past. Baldassarre, driven by a need for strength, heads to Niccolò Caparra's shop, presumably to acquire a weapon.
Chapter 50
XLV: At the Barber's Shop
Tito returns to Florence after a diplomatic mission to Pisa, delivering his report to the Ten at the Palazzo Vecchio. He then visits Nello's barber shop, where he engages in political discussion with Niccolò Machiavelli, Domenico Cennini, and Francesco Cei about Savonarola's influence and the Medici faction. Tito learns that Giannozzo Pucci is away at his villa, which he needs to know to deliver a ring from Piero de' Medici's envoy.
Chapter 51
XLVI: By a Street Lamp
Romola encounters Tito outside San Marco and they walk home together. Tito reveals he knows of a plot against Savonarola, but Romola distrusts him. A confrontation ensues where Tito physically restrains Romola from going to warn the Frate, and she threatens to denounce him if harm comes to Savonarola.
Chapter 52
XLVII: Check
Tito's carefully laid plans are thrown into disarray by the chance event of Romola accompanying him on a walk, which foils Spini's plot against Savonarola. He is now caught between warning Savonarola and appeasing Spini, risking suspicion from both sides. Romola, tormented by doubt and a sense of duty, spends a sleepless night and resolves to warn Savonarola herself. She confronts Tito in the Piazza del Duomo, demanding to know if the Frate has left the city. Upon learning he has not, she turns away, leaving Tito with a newfound feeling of hatred towards her.
Chapter 53
XLVIII: Countercheck
Tito confronts Romola about her public interference, demanding she refrain from meddling in his affairs. Romola, initially repentant, is met with cold superiority and a veiled threat that her actions could lead to disaster. She attempts to bridge the gap between them by confessing her distrust and pleading for honesty, but Tito deflects, offering a false explanation about the old man (Baldassarre) and dismissing her concerns. The chapter ends with both feeling more isolated: Romola despairs of ever being united with her husband, while Tito begins to contemplate leaving her behind in his plans for the future.
Chapter 54
XLIX: The Pyramid of Vanities
During the wintry days, Romola finds herself detached from public affairs, troubled by Tito's hints and the political situation in Florence. By Carnival time, the Mediceans are actively trying to elect Bernardo del Nero as Gonfaloniere. On the last day of Carnival, Romola goes to the Piazza della Signoria to see the 'Pyramid of Vanities'—a large structure of items deemed sinful by the Piagnoni, including books, art, and feminine adornments. She encounters Piero di Cosimo, who criticizes the burning of poetry and art, while Romola defends Savonarola's strictness, reflecting on her own affinity for sadness and self-renouncing strength.
Chapter 55
L: Tessa Abroad and at Home
Tessa, now living in a new home near the Porta Santa Croce with her children Lillo and Ninna, goes out to see the Carnival with her husband's reluctant permission. She encounters Bratti, who sells her a cross and learns where she lives. Later, she is accosted by a man who tries to steal her necklace, but Romola intervenes, hiding Tessa's valuables in her basket and guiding her safely home. Baldassarre, who has been watching Tessa, sees her with Romola and realizes that Romola is Tito's wife. He decides to use this knowledge to seek his revenge, believing Romola will be inclined to believe him about Tito's infidelity.
Chapter 56
LI: Monna Brigida's Conversion
Monna Brigida, a widow of fifty-five, is confronted by a troop of Piagnoni boys during the Carnival who demand she give up her worldly vanities—rouge, false hair, and pearl-embroidered biretta—as an 'Anathema' that endangers her soul. Overcome by spiritual alarm and the boys' relentless candor, she submits, removing her cosmetics and hairpieces, and is left feeling exposed and humiliated. Romola arrives to comfort her, covering her with a black drapery and reassuring her that her natural appearance is more beautiful and expressive. Monna Brigida, in a moment of conversion, resolves to embrace the Piagnone way of life, accepting that she must be good and that her old age is now a matter of spiritual concern rather than vanity.
Chapter 57
A Prophetess
During Carnival and the following Lent, Romola becomes deeply involved in the political and religious turmoil of Florence. Bernardo del Nero is elected Gonfaloniere, and Savonarola preaches his final Lenten sermons, defying excommunication. Romola is inspired by his fervor but also troubled by his increasing reliance on visions and prophecies. Her internal conflict intensifies when she encounters Camilla Rucellai, a prophetess who claims divine sanction for violent acts against Bernardo del Nero. Romola rejects Camilla's fanaticism and seeks solace in a church, where she grapples with her loyalty to her godfather and her commitment to Savonarola's cause. The chapter ends with her face-to-face meeting with Baldassarre, who has been seeking revenge against Tito.
Chapter 58
On San Miniato
Romola, followed by Baldassarre, agrees to speak with him on the hill of San Miniato. Baldassarre reveals that he is Tito's adoptive father, whom Tito betrayed and abandoned. He tells Romola of Tito's lies, his theft, and his denial of him, and he seeks her help in taking revenge. Romola is deeply shaken, torn between pity for Baldassarre and horror at Tito's treachery. Baldassarre insists on vengeance, showing her a knife and demanding she help him kill Tito. Romola, though sympathetic, is paralyzed by conflicting emotions and agrees to meet him again the next day, hoping to find another way to help him.
Chapter 59
The Evening and the Morning
Romola, driven by a growing purpose, hurries to the Old Palace to warn her godfather Bernardo del Nero of the dangers she has learned about. She tells him he is in danger from fanatical men and traitors, but he dismisses her fears, saying he will not forsake his colors. After leaving, Romola sleeps deeply and wakes to the sound of guns as Piero de' Medici attempts to enter Florence with troops. The attack is repelled, and Piero flees, but the aftermath leaves Romola anxious about the fate of Baldassarre and the political turmoil.
Chapter 60
LV: Waiting
As summer progresses, Romola remains in a state of anxious waiting. The Plague spreads through Florence and Savonarola is excommunicated, events that draw Romola back to the Frate's side, as she sees him as a martyr fighting against a corrupt Church. Her personal turmoil continues as she awaits Baldassarre's return, haunted by his revelations about Tito's past and the existence of another wife. Tito's frequent absences in the countryside prevent any confrontation, leaving Romola isolated with her suspicions and fears.
Chapter 61
LVI: The Other Wife
Romola encounters Tessa's young son Lillo wandering alone in the streets and returns him home, where she finds Tessa with her children. Through conversation, Romola learns that Tessa believes she was married to Tito by a 'holy father' at a fair, not in a church. This revelation suggests Tito's marriage to Romola may be invalid, offering Romola a potential escape from her oppressive bond. However, Romola's internal struggle intensifies as she grapples with the sacredness of her vows versus the possibility of rebellion. She resolves to confront Tito directly and request a separation, but when he arrives home, he seems to expect her agitation, implying he knows she has discovered his other family.
Chapter 62
LVII: Why Tito Was Safe
Tito Melema, having foreseen the discovery of the Medicean conspiracy, has secured his own safety by betraying his fellow conspirators to the government. He reveals the plot to Francesco Valori, obtains immunity from prosecution and retention of his office, and is commissioned to gather further evidence. His actions, while ensuring his immediate safety, begin to earn him the distrust of the Florentine council, and he contemplates a future away from Florence, unburdened by his past.
Chapter 63
LVIII: A Final Understanding
Romola, tormented by the uncertainty of the prisoners' fate, confronts Tito about his betrayal of Baldassarre. She declares their marriage a lie and expresses her desire to leave him. Tito, in turn, reveals that the council has been prorogued and suggests that Romola might persuade Savonarola to intervene on behalf of the condemned, hoping to use her influence for his own ends.
Chapter 64
LIX: Pleading
Romola confronts Savonarola, pleading for the life of her godfather Bernardo del Nero, who is among five conspirators condemned to death. She argues that Savonarola's neutrality is a betrayal of his own teachings on mercy and justice, and that his refusal to intercede is a form of hypocrisy. Savonarola defends his position, claiming that the safety of the Republic and the advancement of God's kingdom require severity and that minor respects must be sacrificed for the greater good. Their confrontation escalates into a fundamental disagreement about the nature of justice, mercy, and the path to a divine kingdom, ending with Romola rejecting his vision and leaving in despair.
Chapter 65
LX: The Scaffold
The chapter depicts the execution of Bernardo del Nero and other conspirators. Tito feels relief at Bernardo's impending death, as it removes a threat to his security. Romola, in a state of intense identification with her godfather, witnesses his execution, determined to honor his nobility. Afterward, she resolves to escape her husband's grasp. The chapter also includes a conversation among officials, including Niccolò Machiavelli, discussing the political implications of the executions and the weakness of half-measures.
Chapter 66
LXI: Drifting Away
Romola, having fled Florence for the second time, stands on the shore at Viareggio, overwhelmed by despair and disillusionment. Her faith in Savonarola has shattered, and she feels the bonds of all affection have been broken. In her anguish, she buys a small boat from a fisherman and sets out to sea, hoping to drift into death or be carried to a new fate. As she lies in the boat under the stars, she feels utterly orphaned and alone, wishing for oblivion.
Chapter 67
The Benediction
On the last morning of Carnival, a crowd gathers in the Piazza di San Marco to hear the excommunicated Savonarola preach and deliver a blessing. The atmosphere is tense, as the people are caught between their belief in the Frate and the Pope's threats. Savonarola appears in the pulpit, delivers a powerful blessing that forces many to their knees, and then holds up the consecrated Host, challenging God to strike him down if his work is not divine. A ray of sunlight illuminates him, and the crowd shouts, 'Behold the answer!' This is his last moment of untroubled triumph. After he disappears, the crowd's mood shifts to criticism and scorn. Tito, watching from a loggia, comments on the scene with Pietro Cennini, who defends Savonarola's sincerity.
Chapter 68
LXIII: Ripening Schemes
Tito Melema continues to navigate the treacherous political landscape of Florence, manipulating both the Arrabbiati and the followers of Savonarola. He discusses the upcoming Trial by Fire with Dolfo Spini, revealing his belief that Savonarola is a shrewd, ambitious man rather than a holy prophet. Tito then publicly interprets the Latin theses that the trial is meant to prove, presenting them in a way that suits his own agenda. He visits Spini to solidify their plans, all while secretly preparing to leave Florence, having arranged for Niccolò Machiavelli to be his potential successor. Tito's schemes are ripening, and he is confident in his ability to play the final game and escape the city's dangers.
Chapter 69
LXIV: The Prophet in His Cell
Savonarola, under intense pressure to undergo the Trial by Fire, struggles with his own doubts and fears. Tito Melema visits him, offering to carry letters to France, but Savonarola is initially hesitant. Tito reveals his plans to leave Florence, and Savonarola eventually entrusts him with a letter to the French ambassador, unaware that Tito intends to betray him by having the letter intercepted by agents of the Duke of Milan.
Chapter 70
LXV: The Trial by Fire
The chapter describes the dramatic public spectacle of the Trial by Fire in Florence on April 7th. A massive crowd gathers in the Piazza della Signoria to witness a supposed miracle, where Dominican and Franciscan monks are to prove their faith by walking through fire. Fra Domenico, a Dominican, is initially prepared to enter the flames, but the Franciscans raise objections, first about the crucifix and then about the consecrated Host. Savonarola, who had earlier challenged the trial, now appears confident but internally struggles with foreboding, aware that his political fortunes are crumbling. The trial stalls amid theological disputes, and the crowd grows restless and hungry. Meanwhile, Tito Melema watches from a window, satisfied that his machinations have contributed to Savonarola's downfall, and he anticipates leaving Florence soon.
Chapter 71
A Masque of the Furies
On Palm Sunday, Savonarola preaches his final sermon in San Marco, declaring himself ready to die. By evening, Florence erupts in riot: the convent is besieged, Savonarola is arrested and dragged through the streets to the Old Palace, and the mob, guided by Compagnacci, sacks the houses of prominent Piagnoni, including Francesco Valori, who is murdered. Meanwhile, Dolfo Spini, the secret director of the riot, plots in a private retreat, furious at Tito's betrayal and planning revenge.
Chapter 72
LXVII: Waiting by the River
Tito, fleeing Florence, is attacked by a mob on the Ponte Vecchio. He throws his belt and scarsella to distract them and leaps into the Arno. He swims downstream, passing bridges, until he is cast ashore near Baldassarre, who has been waiting by the river. Baldassarre recognizes Tito and, in a moment of vengeance, strangles him.
Chapter 73
LXVIII: Romola’s Waking
Romola wakes in her boat after a night of drifting, finding herself in a peaceful Mediterranean cove. The tranquility is broken by a child's cry, leading her to a hovel where she discovers three dead bodies and a living infant. She takes the child and seeks help in a nearby village, but finds it deserted and stricken by pestilence, with signs of abandonment and death. She encounters a sick woman and a fearful priest, and her presence and words take on a miraculous quality for the priest, who had been told of a vision of the Madonna with the Babe.
Chapter 74
LXIX: Homeward
Romola, having rested from her weariness, reflects on her recent experiences and undergoes a profound internal transformation. She feels a renewed sense of purpose, rejecting her earlier desire for death and embracing a life of service to others. Her thoughts turn back to Florence, and she begins to question her past judgments and actions, particularly her flight from her husband Tito and her godfather. She feels a renewed sense of gratitude and debt to Savonarola, despite his errors. Driven by a longing to be near Florence and learn of its fate, she departs the valley where she has been staying, accompanied by Jacopo and the Padre, with the villagers mourning her departure.
Chapter 75
LXX: Meeting Again
Romola returns to Florence on April 14th, learning of Savonarola's arrest and Tito's death. She seeks out Tessa and her children, finding them through a necklace clue, and brings them to live with Monna Brigida.
Chapter 76
The Confession
Romola, having brought Tessa and the children home, is consumed by the public revelation of Fra Girolamo Savonarola's trial and confession. She reads the printed document repeatedly, torn between the partisans' claims of forgery and the evidence of his human weakness under torture. The chapter reflects on Savonarola's own writings from prison, where he abandons self-assertion for profound self-abasement, seeking only divine forgiveness. Romola perceives the depth of his sorrow and the tragedy of a man who sought greatness but fell into the shadow of his own failure.
Chapter 77
LXXII: The Last Silence
Romola hears that Savonarola, upon signing his confession, said God had withdrawn the spirit of prophecy from him, shaking her faith. On May 19th, Papal Commissaries arrive in Florence to complete his trial, and the people cry for his death. Under fresh torture, Savonarola retracts his confession, declaring he spoke falsely and that his words came from God, but then retracts again under further torment, saying he lied to seem good. On May 23rd, 1498, Romola watches from a window as Savonarola is degraded, stripped of his vestments, and led to the scaffold. She hopes for a final word of truth, but as he looks upon the jeering crowd, his voice falls into eternal silence.
Chapter 78
Epilogue
In the epilogue, set on the evening of May 22, 1509, Romola, now a mature woman, sits with her adopted children Lillo and Ninna, along with Tessa and Monna Brigida, in a room overlooking the Borgo Pinti. Romola reflects on her past, teaching Lillo about the nature of greatness and moral integrity. She contrasts the noble lives of her father and Fra Girolamo with the tragic story of Tito Melema, who, seeking only his own safety and pleasure, committed base deeds and met calamity. The scene underscores Romola's wisdom and the enduring influence of her experiences.
Chapter 79
Endnotes
This chapter consists of endnotes providing explanatory references for terms, historical figures, and cultural practices mentioned in the main text. It clarifies Italian phrases, local customs, and historical allusions, including notes on Savonarola's sermons, the Medici family, and Florentine society.
