Discourses · Chapter
What Is the Law of Life explained
Epictetus argues that the primary law of life is to act conformably to nature, and that philosophical training must begin with theory before tackling the more difficult matters of real life.
What happens
Epictetus argues that the primary law of life is to act conformably to nature, and that philosophical training must begin with theory before tackling the more difficult matters of real life. He criticizes those who rush into practical application without first strengthening their ruling faculty, and emphasizes the importance of self-examination and knowing one's own abilities.
Themes in this chapter
Rationality and Self-Examination
Epictetus stresses the need to know the state of one's ruling faculty and to begin with theory before tackling life's difficulties, echoing Socrates' call for an examined life.
Philosophy as Practical Discipline
The chapter emphasizes that philosophy is not merely theoretical but must be applied to life, starting with easier contemplative exercises before advancing to real-world challenges.
Characters to notice
- Epictetus
The speaker and primary philosopher in the chapter, teaching about the law of life and the proper order of philosophical training.
- Epaphroditus
Mentioned as the master of Epictetus and others, who reacted with amazement to a man complaining about his remaining wealth.
- Socrates
Cited as an example of advocating for an examined life, which Epictetus endorses.
Key passages
“But much before this law is the law of life, that we must act conformably to nature.”
The most fundamental rule is to live in accordance with nature.
Epictetus prioritizes natural living over logical consistency.
“He is ridiculous then who says that he wishes to begin with the matters of real life, for it is not easy to begin with the more difficult things;”
It is foolish to try to start with practical life, because the hardest tasks should not be attempted first.
Epictetus advocates for a gradual, theory-first approach to philosophy.
“This then is the beginning of philosophy, a man’s perception of the state of his ruling faculty;”
Philosophy starts when a person recognizes the condition of their own mind.
Self-awareness of one's intellectual capacity is the foundation of learning.