Discourses · Chapter
XVI: That We Do Not Strive to Use Our Opinions About Good and Evil explained
Epictetus argues that people fail to apply their philosophical training to real life, focusing on external goods rather than the will, which is the true seat of good and evil.
What happens
Epictetus argues that people fail to apply their philosophical training to real life, focusing on external goods rather than the will, which is the true seat of good and evil. He criticizes the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical action, urging readers to discipline their opinions and accept divine will with magnanimity, using examples like a lute player's anxiety and children crying for their nurse.
Themes in this chapter
Dichotomy of Control
Central theme: good and evil reside in the will, not in external things independent of the will.
Philosophy as Practical Discipline
Epictetus criticizes the gap between theoretical study and real-life application, urging practice of opinions.
Providence and Acceptance
The divine law is to accept what is given and give it up readily, trusting in God's administration.
Characters to notice
- Epictetus
Speaker and central figure, delivering the discourse on the misuse of opinions about good and evil.
- Socrates
Cited as a model of a true philosopher who lived and died with integrity.
- Diogenes
Mentioned as an example of a philosopher who did not weep or grieve over external losses.
- Hercules
Used as an exemplar of service to God and purging injustice, contrasting with those who sit idle.
- Chrysippus
Referenced as a philosopher whose works are read but not truly followed.
- Zeus
Invoked in the text as part of the divine law and in the phrase 'No, by Zeus'.
Key passages
“Where is the good? In the will. Where is the evil? In the will. Where is neither of them? In those things which are independent of the will.”
Good and evil are located solely in our choices and intentions, not in external circumstances.
Core Stoic doctrine defining the dichotomy of control.
“When money is shown (offered) to you, have you studied to make the proper answer, that money is not a good thing?”
Have you trained yourself to respond correctly when tempted by money, recognizing it is not a true good?
Critique of failing to apply philosophical lessons to real-life situations.
“Dare to look up to God and say, 'Deal with me for the future as thou wilt; I am of the same mind as thou art; I am thine.'”
Have the courage to surrender to divine will, affirming your alignment with God's plan.
Exhortation to accept providence and achieve freedom from anxiety.