Discourses · Chapter
That We Ought to Proceed with Circumspection to Everything explained
Epictetus urges careful deliberation before undertaking any action, using the example of Olympic competition and the pursuit of philosophy.
What happens
Epictetus urges careful deliberation before undertaking any action, using the example of Olympic competition and the pursuit of philosophy. He warns against impulsive imitation and emphasizes the need to examine both the consequences and one's own nature, advocating for consistent commitment over childish vacillation.
Themes in this chapter
Rationality and Self-Examination
Epictetus emphasizes examining one's own nature and the full consequences of actions before proceeding.
Desire and Aversion
The chapter warns against acting on impulsive desire and advocates for disciplined choice based on rational assessment.
Philosophy as Practical Discipline
Philosophy is presented as a demanding way of life requiring sacrifice and consistent effort, not mere imitation.
Characters to notice
- Epictetus
Delivers the discourse on circumspection and the need for deliberate action.
- Euphrates
Mentioned as a philosopher whose eloquence inspires others to pursue philosophy.
- Gaius Musonius Rufus
Quoted for his response to a question about Providence after Galba's murder.
Key passages
“In every act consider what precedes and what follows, and then proceed to the act.”
Before you act, think through the causes and consequences, then decide whether to proceed.
Core principle of the chapter: deliberate forethought.
“If you do not reckon them, observe you will behave like children who at one time play as wrestlers, then as gladiators, then blow a trumpet, then act a tragedy, when they have seen and admired such things.”
Without careful consideration, you'll act like a child who imitates whatever spectacle they've just seen, constantly changing roles.
Warning against impulsive imitation without commitment.
“You must be one man either good or bad: you must either labor at your own ruling faculty or at external things.”
You must choose to be consistent: either work on your inner self or focus on external matters.
Emphasis on consistency and the dichotomy of control.