Thus Spoke Zarathustra · Chapter
Backworldsmen explained
Zarathustra recounts his own past as a backworldsman who once believed in a transcendent God and otherworldly realms, but he now sees that such beliefs arise from suffering, impotence, and the body's despair of itself.
What happens
Zarathustra recounts his own past as a backworldsman who once believed in a transcendent God and otherworldly realms, but he now sees that such beliefs arise from suffering, impotence, and the body's despair of itself. He teaches that the body and the earth are the true sources of meaning, and that the ego, which speaks of the body, is the measure of all things. He urges his listeners to overcome sickness and create higher bodies, rather than fleeing into heavenly delusions.
Themes in this chapter
Death of God and Revaluation of Values
Zarathustra rejects the invented God and heavenly worlds, calling for a revaluation that affirms the body and the earth.
The Body and the Earth
The chapter emphasizes the body as the most upright existence and the earth as the source of meaning, opposing otherworldly escapism.
The Übermensch and Self-Overcoming
Zarathustra urges the sickly to become convalescents and overcomers, creating higher bodies—a call to self-overcoming.
Characters to notice
- Zarathustra
Zarathustra speaks as a recovered backworldsman, reflecting on his former beliefs and now advocating for the body and the earth.
- The Superman
Implied as the goal of overcoming: Zarathustra wishes for the sickly to become convalescents and overcomers, creating higher bodies.
- The Body and the Earth
The body and the earth are central themes, presented as the source of all meaning and the object of Zarathustra's new teaching.
Key passages
“Suffering was it, and impotence—that created all backworlds; and the short madness of happiness, which only the greatest sufferer experienceth.”
All beliefs in otherworldly realms are born from suffering and powerlessness, along with a fleeting, mad joy known only to the deepest sufferer.
Zarathustra diagnoses the psychological origin of metaphysical beliefs.
“Always more uprightly learneth it to speak, the ego; and the more it learneth, the more doth it find titles and honours for the body and the earth.”
The ego, as it becomes more honest, increasingly recognizes and celebrates the body and the earth.
Zarathustra links self-knowledge with affirmation of physical existence.
“A new will teach I unto men: to choose that path which man hath followed blindly, and to approve of it—and no longer to slink aside from it, like the sick and perishing!”
I teach a new will: to consciously choose and affirm the path humanity has walked unconsciously, rather than fleeing from it like the sick and dying.
Zarathustra calls for conscious affirmation of earthly life.