The Social Contract · Chapter
VII: The Sovereign explained
Rousseau explains the dual capacity of individuals as both members of the Sovereign and subjects of the State, emphasizing that the Sovereign cannot be bound by any fundamental law, including the social contract itself.
What happens
Rousseau explains the dual capacity of individuals as both members of the Sovereign and subjects of the State, emphasizing that the Sovereign cannot be bound by any fundamental law, including the social contract itself. He introduces the concept that individuals may have a particular will contrary to the general will, and thus the social compact tacitly includes the obligation that those who refuse to obey the general will shall be forced to be free, legitimizing civil undertakings.
Themes in this chapter
The General Will
Rousseau distinguishes the general will from the particular will of individuals, asserting that the Sovereign, formed by the general will, cannot have an interest contrary to its members.
The Social Contract
The chapter explores the mutual undertaking of the social compact, emphasizing that no fundamental law, including the contract itself, can bind the Sovereign.
Characters to notice
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Author and primary voice, presenting the nature of the Sovereign and the social compact.
Key passages
“whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body. This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free”
Any individual who disobeys the general will must be compelled by the entire community to obey, which effectively forces them to be free.
This is the key mechanism that legitimizes civil society and prevents personal dependence.