The Social Contract · Chapter
The Dictatorship explained
Rousseau discusses the necessity of suspending the laws in times of crisis to preserve the State, distinguishing between concentrating government power and appointing a dictator who silences the laws without abolishing them.
What happens
Rousseau discusses the necessity of suspending the laws in times of crisis to preserve the State, distinguishing between concentrating government power and appointing a dictator who silences the laws without abolishing them. He uses Roman examples to illustrate the proper use and risks of the dictatorship, warning against both overuse and underuse.
Themes in this chapter
Sovereignty and Government
Explores the suspension of sovereign authority in emergencies and the role of a dictator as a temporary magistrate.
Decline and Corruption of the State
Discusses how the misuse or sparing use of the dictatorship contributed to Rome's decline.
The Role of the Legislator
Highlights the inflexibility of laws and the need for foresight in allowing their suspension.
Characters to notice
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Author of the chapter, presenting his argument on the dictatorship as a necessary suspension of laws in emergencies.
- Cicero
Mentioned as the consul who exceeded his powers during the Catilinarian conspiracy, later punished for violating the laws.
- Niccolò Machiavelli
Referenced indirectly through the discussion of Roman political practices and the concept of dictatorship.
Key passages
“The inflexibility of the laws, which prevents them from adapting themselves to circumstances, may, in certain cases, render them disastrous, and make them bring about, at a time of crisis, the ruin of the State.”
Laws that cannot adapt to changing situations can sometimes cause the destruction of the state during emergencies.
Rousseau introduces the need for suspending laws in crises.
“Thus the suspension of the legislative authority is in no sense its abolition; the magistrate who silences it cannot make it speak; he dominates it, but cannot represent it. He can do anything, except make laws.”
Temporarily setting aside the legislature does not destroy it; the dictator can act but not create new laws.
Clarifies the limited power of a dictator under Rousseau's framework.
“However brilliant his recall may have been, it was undoubtedly an act of pardon.”
Even though Cicero was later honored, his pardon was still a forgiveness for breaking the law.
Rousseau criticizes Cicero's violation of legal procedures during the Catilinarian conspiracy.