The Red and the Black · Chapter
Chapter XVII. The First Deputy explained
Julien Sorel, now more aware of the social and political intrigues of Verrières, learns from Madame de Rênal about the local schemes to make M.
What happens
Julien Sorel, now more aware of the social and political intrigues of Verrières, learns from Madame de Rênal about the local schemes to make M. de Moirod the first deputy. Their relationship deepens as she educates him about society, but a moment of imprudence causes a temporary coldness between them. Julien reflects on his ambitions and the obstacles posed by his low birth.
Themes in this chapter
Class and Aristocratic Prejudice
Julien's low birth and lack of money are highlighted as barriers, and Madame de Rênal's momentary coldness reflects the class prejudices of her circle.
Ambition and Its Cost
Julien's ambition to rise above his station is central, and he laments the lack of opportunities without Napoleon, while his relationship with Madame de Rênal distracts him from his goals.
Love as Power Struggle
The dynamic between Julien and Madame de Rênal involves a power imbalance, as she educates him yet also admires him as a future great man, and their intimacy is complicated by social differences.
Characters to notice
- Julien Sorel
Gains insight into local politics and social dynamics through Madame de Rênal; struggles with his ambitions and the fear of being seen as a servant.
- Madame de Rênal
Educates Julien about society and local intrigues; her affection for him grows, but she is momentarily cold after his imprudent remarks about Napoleon.
- M. de Moirod
The devout man who is the subject of the political scheme to become first deputy of Verrières.
- M. Valenod
Mentioned as a rival in the local political intrigue and as a participant in the secret society meetings.
- Fouqué
Sends Julien books that he reads at night, contributing to his education.
- M. de Rênal
Mentioned as the current mayor whose position is tied to the political maneuvering; his valet is Julien's enemy.
Key passages
“He had Madame de Rênal to thank for understanding books in quite a new way. He had dared to question her on a number of little things, the ignorance of which cuts quite short the intellectual progress of any young man born out of society, however much natural genius one may choose to ascribe to him.”
Julien's education was greatly advanced by Madame de Rênal, as he felt free to ask her about the many small things that a young man of humble origins wouldn't know, which otherwise would have stunted his intellectual growth.
Highlights the educational role Madame de Rênal plays in Julien's life, bridging his social gap.
“She saw him Pope; she saw him first minister like Richelieu. 'Shall I live long enough to see you in your glory?' she said to Julien.”
Madame de Rênal imagined Julien achieving the highest positions in church and state, and she wondered if she would live to witness his rise to greatness.
Shows Madame de Rênal's admiration and belief in Julien's potential, despite his low birth.
“He lamented that great attack of unhappiness which comes at the end of childhood and spoils the first years of youth in those who are not rich.”
Julien mourned the unhappiness that plagues the youth of the poor, which ruins the early years that should be carefree.
Reflects Julien's bitterness about his social and financial disadvantages.