The Painted Veil · Chapters
Chapters explained
Chapter companions for The Painted Veil by W. Somerset Maugham.
Chapter 1
Epigraph
The epigraph presents a single line from Percy Bysshe Shelley's sonnet, introducing the central metaphor of the painted veil that obscures the true nature of life.
Chapter 2
The Painted Veil
Kitty Fane, a young woman from a socially ambitious family, marries the reserved bacteriologist Walter Fane to escape her mother's pressure and to avoid being outshone by her younger sister. She soon enters a passionate affair with the charming but married Charles Townsend, believing he will leave his wife for her. When Walter discovers the betrayal, he confronts Kitty and gives her an ultimatum: accompany him to a cholera-stricken Chinese village or face a scandalous divorce. Kitty turns to Townsend for help, but he cruelly refuses, revealing his selfishness. Forced to confront her illusions, Kitty reluctantly agrees to go to Mei-tan-fu with Walter, beginning her journey of moral awakening.
Chapter 3
I
Kitty Fane and her lover, Charles Townsend, are startled by someone trying the door of her bedroom during an afternoon tryst. They fear it is her husband, Walter, but after a tense wait, they find no one there. Townsend reassures Kitty and leaves.
Chapter 4
II
Kitty and Charlie Townsend wait anxiously after suspecting someone may have seen them together. Charlie reassures Kitty that even if it was Walter, he would likely ignore the affair to avoid scandal. They share a passionate moment before Charlie leaves, promising to protect her if trouble arises.
Chapter 5
III
Kitty reflects on her affair with Charles Townsend, recalling their secret meetings in a sordid curio dealer's shop in Hong Kong. She contrasts her lover's charm with his wife Dorothy's cold, proper demeanor, feeling both contempt and insecurity about her own social standing.
Chapter 6
IV
Kitty reflects on her disappointment with her social standing in Hong Kong as the wife of a bacteriologist, feeling undervalued compared to her life in England. Walter tries to comfort her, but she remains frustrated.
Chapter 7
V
Kitty Fane realizes that it was her husband Walter who turned the doorknob while she was with Charlie Townsend. She panics but rationalizes that Chinese servants are discreet and that she and Charlie can continue meeting at the curio shop. She finds a book left by Walter with a note, confirming his visit. She calls Charlie, who advises her to 'sit tight.' Kitty reflects on her lack of love for Walter and her devotion to Charlie, considering that if the affair is discovered, she will deny it or ultimately confess and leave Walter for Charlie.
Chapter 8
VI
Kitty reflects on her failed marriage, blaming her mother Mrs. Garstin for pushing her into it. She examines photographs of her parents, noting her mother's manipulative and ambitious nature.
Chapter 9
VII
This chapter provides a detailed portrait of Mrs. Garstin, Kitty's mother, describing her as a hard, ambitious, and parsimonious woman who manipulates her husband Bernard to advance socially. It also reveals Bernard's quiet suffering and the family's contempt for him when his career falters.
Chapter 10
VIII
Mrs. Garstin grows increasingly anxious as Kitty, now twenty-five, remains unmarried despite several seasons. She lowers her standards and considers professional men, while Kitty's younger sister Doris becomes engaged to Geoffrey Dennison, a medical baronet. In a panic, Kitty marries Walter Fane.
Chapter 11
IX
Kitty reflects on her first encounters with Walter Fane, recalling how she barely noticed him at dances and only learned his name after several meetings. She observes his shyness and quiet demeanor, while her mother, Mrs. Garstin, presses her about his intentions, revealing her desperation to see Kitty married.
Chapter 12
X
Kitty reflects on her growing acquaintance with Walter Fane over several dances and visits. She finds him intelligent but aloof, not her type, and doubts he is in love with her. The announcement of her younger sister Doris's engagement to Geoffrey Dennison triggers anxiety about her own unmarried state at twenty-five, fearing her mother's disappointment and social failure.
Chapter 13
XI
Kitty Fane encounters Walter Fane by chance on the Brompton Road, and he invites her to walk with him in the Park. During their stroll, Walter abruptly proposes marriage, revealing his deep but awkward love for her. Kitty, initially surprised and uncertain, weighs the practical advantages of accepting—escaping her mother's pressure, avoiding being a bridesmaid at her younger sister Doris's wedding, and starting a new life in China—and ultimately agrees to marry him.
Chapter 14
XII
Kitty reflects on her two years of marriage to Walter, noting his excessive politeness, emotional intensity, and self-consciousness, which create a distance between them rather than intimacy.
Chapter 15
XIII
Kitty reflects on Walter's lack of charm and his reserved nature, realizing he is not popular in Hong Kong. She finds him dull and secretive, yet acknowledges his deep love for her, which she somewhat despises.
Chapter 16
XIV
Kitty meets Charles Townsend for the first time at a dinner party in Hong Kong. Despite her initial defensiveness, she is immediately charmed by his good looks, easy manner, and flattering attention. She contrasts him favorably with her husband Walter, finding Townsend attractive and charismatic.
Chapter 17
XV
Kitty reflects on the early days of her affair with Charlie Townsend, recalling how quickly their relationship developed and how her newfound passion has changed her perception of Walter. She feels a sense of power and amusement in her interactions with Walter, and she marvels at how natural and unaltered she feels after becoming Charlie's lover.
Chapter 18
XVI
Kitty's happiness in her affair with Charlie Townsend rejuvenates her beauty and confidence. She revels in his charm, athleticism, and accomplishments, while privately wishing she were his wife instead of Walter's.
Chapter 19
XVII
Kitty Fane, believing Walter has discovered her affair with Charlie Townsend, rationalizes that exposure will force a divorce and allow her to marry Charlie. She rehearses confrontational speeches, oscillating between self-assurance and fear, and works herself into anger against Walter before hearing him arrive home.
Chapter 20
XVIII
Walter returns home and Kitty immediately senses that he knows about her affair with Charlie Townsend. His pale face, averted eyes, and unnaturally calm demeanor create a tense, menacing atmosphere. They exchange only trivial remarks during dinner and the evening, sitting in a strained silence that leaves Kitty terrified and waiting for him to confront her.
Chapter 21
XIX
Kitty, desperate after Walter's ultimatum, calls Charles Townsend to arrange an urgent meeting. Townsend, evasive and irritated, agrees to meet her at a curio shop, Ku-Chou's, rather than at her home or a public hotel lounge.
Chapter 22
XX
Kitty meets Charlie Townsend in a secret rendezvous to discuss Walter's discovery of their affair. Charlie reassures her that Walter will likely stay silent to avoid scandal and protect his career, while Kitty reflects on her love for Charlie and her contempt for Walter's slavish devotion.
Chapter 23
XXI
Kitty reflects on Charlie's assessment of Walter's character during a dinner party. She observes Walter's strained demeanor and pale, pinched face, interpreting his silence as either love, timidity, or self-interest. Her thoughts oscillate between contempt and pity, ultimately feeling a shock at the profound sadness in his eyes.
Chapter 24
XXII
Walter informs Kitty of his decision to go to Mei-tan-fu, a cholera-stricken region, and insists that she accompany him. Kitty is horrified and protests, but Walter remains resolute, revealing his intent as both a dangerous expedition and a form of punishment.
Chapter 25
XXIII
Walter confronts Kitty about her affair with Charles Townsend. He reveals he has known all along and presents her with an ultimatum: either she accompanies him to Mei-tan-fu, a cholera-stricken region, or he will file for divorce. Kitty, confident in Townsend's love, agrees to seek a promise of marriage from him, but Walter's cynical laughter hints at her impending disillusionment.
Chapter 26
XXIV
Kitty visits Charlie at his office to inform him that Walter wants a divorce. She expects Charlie to embrace the opportunity to be with her, but instead he becomes calculating and self-protective, suggesting they deny everything and fight the charges. When Kitty reveals Walter's condition—that he will let her divorce him only if Charlie's wife agrees to divorce Charlie and Charlie promises to marry Kitty—Charlie's reaction reveals his unwillingness to commit.
Chapter 27
XXV
In this chapter, Kitty confronts Charles Townsend about their affair after Walter has discovered it. Townsend reveals his true priorities: his career and his wife Dorothy. He refuses to divorce Dorothy or marry Kitty, urging her to be 'reasonable' and suggesting she beg Walter for forgiveness. Kitty is devastated by his selfishness and realizes the depth of his betrayal.
Chapter 28
XXVI
Kitty confronts Charles Townsend after Walter gives her an ultimatum: accompany him to cholera-stricken Mei-tan-fu or face divorce. Townsend, revealing his cowardice and selfishness, urges her to go, refusing to marry her if Walter divorces her. Kitty realizes Walter knew Townsend would betray her, and despite her lingering love, she decides to accept Walter's demand.
Chapter 29
Chapter XXVII
Kitty returns home and informs Walter that she will accompany him to the cholera-stricken region. Walter's indifferent response prompts a bitter, flippant remark from Kitty about packing only summer clothes and a shroud, revealing her despair and defiance.
Chapter 30
XXVIII
Kitty and Walter travel to Mei-tan-fu, with Kitty lost in anguished reflection on her failed affair with Charlie Townsend. She reels from his rejection, feeling broken and hopeless, and wonders what she has done to deserve such suffering.
Chapter 31
XXIX
On the steamer journey up the Western River, Walter reads incessantly and makes only polite, indifferent conversation with Kitty, treating her like a stranger. Kitty realizes that Walter's ultimatum was a trick to expose Charlie Townsend's selfishness and cowardice. She reflects on Walter's past love and wonders if he still loves her or if he intends her death. She observes his coldness and a look of physical distaste, leading her to question his sanity.
Chapter 32
Arrival at Mei-tan-fu
Kitty Fane arrives at Mei-tan-fu, passing through a landscape of memorial arches and graveyards that fill her with unease. The bearers' reaction to a passing coffin heightens her terror, and she is set down at her destination.
Chapter 33
XXXI
Kitty arrives at the bungalow in Mei-tan-fu and meets Waddington, the Deputy Commissioner, who invites himself to dinner. He discusses the cholera epidemic, the danger of looting, and the nuns' refusal to leave. Walter and Kitty settle into their new, sparsely furnished home.
Chapter 34
XXXII
Kitty dines with Walter and Waddington in the small dining-room of a deceased missionary's house. Waddington, a humorous and slightly drunk man, discusses Hong Kong, Townsend, and London theatre. Kitty feels awe and isolation as they sit across from the cholera-stricken city.
Chapter 35
XXXIII
Kitty experiences a night of tortured dreams blending memories of Charlie Townsend and the haunting imagery of her new surroundings. Upon waking, she witnesses a mystical sunrise over the river and city, where a magnificent, dreamlike palace emerges from the mist, moving her to tears and a sense of spiritual transcendence.
Chapter 36
XXXIV
Kitty spends her days alone in the bungalow while Walter works, haunted by fear of the cholera epidemic and her own trapped circumstances. She contemplates escape but realizes she has nowhere to go—not to her mother, and not to Charlie, who rejected her. Her anger and humiliation fester as she recalls Walter's harsh words.
Chapter 37
XXXV
Kitty, alone with Waddington, steers the conversation toward Charles Townsend. Waddington reveals his true opinion of Townsend, describing him as charming but insincere, self-centered, and not particularly clever. He praises Townsend's wife, Dorothy, as the real source of his success. Kitty listens, hiding her emotions while turning her wedding ring.
Chapter 38
XXXVI
After Waddington leaves, Kitty reflects on his careless remarks about Charles Townsend. She acknowledges the truth in his words—that Charlie is stupid, vain, and cunning—and feels bitter about her own worthlessness for loving such a man. She wishes to despise him to overcome her lingering love, but at night she dreams of his passionate embrace, waking in tears.
Chapter 39
XXXVII
Kitty and Waddington develop a close friendship in Mei-tan-fu, and Waddington offers her a unique perspective on life in China. He hints at the darkness in Walter and the absurdity of their situation. The chapter culminates in a tense dinner where Kitty and Walter both defiantly eat a fresh salad, courting cholera as a form of mutual punishment and bravado.
Chapter 40
XXXVIII
Kitty ventures outside the compound for the first time since her arrival in Mei-tan-fu, accompanied by Waddington. They encounter the body of a dead beggar, which deeply unsettles Kitty. During their walk to the archway on the hill, Waddington probes Kitty about her relationship with Walter, revealing his suspicion that she is afraid of her husband and that their marriage is strained. He also speaks of Walter's heroic efforts against the cholera epidemic, but questions Walter's motives for being there. Kitty deflects his inquiries with flippant remarks, but is visibly affected.
Chapter 41
XXXIX
Waddington tells Kitty about the Mother Superior and the convent in Mei-tan-fu, describing the remarkable French nuns who have sacrificed everything to serve in the epidemic. He conveys the Mother Superior's invitation for Kitty to visit the convent, and Kitty agrees to go.
Chapter 42
XL
Kitty crosses the river by sampan and is carried in a chair through the water-gate into a narrow, littered Chinese street. Waddington accompanies her, noting that business is at a standstill due to the cholera epidemic. They arrive at a small doorway marked by a cross, where a Chinese girl lets them in. Inside, Sister St. Joseph greets them with cheerful laughter, surprising Kitty, who had expected nuns to be grave.
Chapter 43
XLI
Kitty meets the Mother Superior at the convent in Mei-tan-fu. She is struck by the Mother Superior's authoritative yet gracious presence, her beauty that has grown with character, and the air of command tempered by Christian charity. They engage in polite conversation about Kitty's journey and life in China, while the epidemic rages outside the convent walls.
Chapter 44
XLII
Kitty visits the convent with the Mother Superior and Sister St. Joseph, witnessing the chaos and suffering caused by the cholera epidemic. She sees the orphanage, the sewing rooms, and the infirmary, and is struck by the Mother Superior's compassion and the harsh realities of the disease.
Chapter 45
XLIII
Kitty visits the convent chapel with the Mother Superior and Waddington, observing the garish decorations and learning about the miraculous statue. She sees the newborn babies and is moved by the Mother Superior's praise of Walter, leaving in tears.
Chapter 46
XLIV
Alone in the dead missionary's parlour, Kitty reflects on her visit to the convent, which has deeply moved her. She is struck by the nuns' praise of Walter's competence, thoughtfulness, and tenderness, and she begins to see his worth, contrasting it with her continued love for the worthless Charles Townsend. She feels a sense of emptiness and self-contempt for having despised Walter's love.
Chapter 47
XLV
Kitty reflects on her visit to the convent, deeply moved by the nuns' selfless devotion and the Mother Superior's dignity. She feels a painful sense of exclusion from their spiritual world, realizing her own worthlessness.
Chapter 48
XLVI
Kitty attempts to reconcile with Walter, admitting her infidelity and expressing admiration for his work, but Walter remains emotionally distant and self-loathing.
Chapter 49
XLVII
After dinner, Kitty observes Walter reading by lamplight, reflecting on their strained relationship. She ponders his earlier confession that he despises himself for loving her, and she feels a growing impatience with his inability to see the triviality of their personal troubles in the face of death and beauty. She wonders if he suffers from a broken heart.
Chapter 50
XLVIII
Kitty returns to the convent and offers to help with the nursing work, but the Mother Superior initially hesitates due to the dangers of cholera. After learning of the death of Sister St. Francis Xavier, the Mother Superior is moved by Kitty's persistence and agrees to find her a role, emphasizing that true peace comes from within one's soul.
Chapter 51
XLIX
Kitty finds spiritual refreshment through her daily work at the convent, caring for children and teaching sewing. She overcomes her initial distaste for the Chinese orphans and grows fond of them, but struggles with her revulsion toward an idiotic hydrocephalic child. After forcing herself to caress the child, the child inexplicably loses interest in her.
Chapter 52
L
Kitty becomes more at ease in the convent, attending chapel services and forming a familiar bond with Sister St. Joseph. The nun shares stories of her past and her family in France, while Kitty reflects on the contrast between the peaceful convent life and the cholera raging outside. Sister St. Joseph speaks highly of Walter, praising his goodness and bravery.
Chapter 53
LI
Sister St. Joseph shares gossip about Waddington's Manchu princess and elaborates on the Mother Superior's noble background and the convent's founding, while Kitty reflects on her reverence for the Mother Superior.
Chapter 54
LII
Kitty experiences personal growth and emotional liberation as she becomes absorbed in her work at the convent. She realizes she no longer loves Charles Townsend and feels a profound sense of freedom. In a moment of high spirits, she joins the children in a boisterous game, which is interrupted by the Mother Superior, who compliments Kitty's beauty and makes her feel both proud and ashamed.
Chapter 55
LIII
Kitty and Waddington visit a Buddhist monastery outside Mei-tan-fu. Kitty enjoys a rare day of rest from her work at the convent, and they explore the decaying temples and statues. The experience evokes a sense of melancholy and the decline of faith.
Chapter 56
LIV
Kitty and Waddington sit by the river, reflecting on the transience of life and the human condition. Kitty expresses her sense of detachment from the nuns and her curiosity about Waddington's Manchu princess, who symbolizes a mysterious, devoted love. She feels a new courage and a longing for the unknown, contrasting her past life in Harrington Gardens.
Chapter 57
LV
Kitty experiences a sudden illness at the convent, fearing she has contracted cholera. The Mother Superior and Sister St. Joseph quickly diagnose that she is pregnant, not ill. Kitty is shocked and ashamed, but the nuns reassure her that this is a natural and joyful event. She insists on returning to work but is sent home to rest.
Chapter 58
LVI
Kitty reveals to Walter that she is pregnant, but when he asks if he is the father, she admits she does not know. The chapter explores her internal conflict between lying to gain his forgiveness and telling the truth, which she ultimately does. Walter reacts with characteristic restraint, but his physical deterioration and emotional pain are evident.
Chapter 59
LVII
In a sultry night, Walter returns late and suggests Kitty leave Mei-tan-fu for her safety, given her pregnancy. Kitty refuses, insisting on staying and continuing her work at the convent. They confront their past—Walter admits he initially wanted her to die, but she has thrived. Kitty feels indifferent toward Charlie Townsend and pities Walter. They agree to let the future take care of itself, acknowledging their failed marriage.
Chapter 60
LVIII
Kitty visits Waddington's Manchu mistress and is struck by the serene, enigmatic quality of the Eastern woman's life. She reflects on the contrast between Western ideals and the mysterious, profound existence she glimpses in the Manchu, sensing that she is searching for something deeper—perhaps the Tao—that the nuns and this woman seem to possess.
Chapter 61
LIX
Kitty continues her work at the convent despite feeling unwell in the early mornings. The nuns, including Sister St. Joseph and the Mother Superior, show heightened interest and tenderness toward her upon learning she is pregnant. The Mother Superior speaks warmly of Walter, calling him a saint, and encourages Kitty to love him. Kitty reflects on her desire for Walter to forgive her, not for her own sake but for his peace of mind, though she struggles to find a way to achieve this.
Chapter 62
LX
Kitty reflects on the profound impression the Mother Superior has made on her, noting her grand yet inaccessible character. The Mother Superior shares the story of her decision to enter religious life, recounting a tense conversation with her mother and cousins. Kitty observes the nuns' devotion and the Mother Superior's impersonal yet loving nature.
Chapter 63
LXI
Kitty waits alone for Walter, who does not return for dinner. She reflects on her conversations with the nuns, feeling moved by their lives but untouched by their faith. She contemplates her affair with Townsend with disgust, considers her future and possible death in childbirth, and thinks about Walter's admirable but unlovable nature, hoping eventually to make amends and find peace.
Chapter 64
LXII
In the middle of the night, Kitty is awakened by urgent knocking and learns from Waddington that Walter has fallen ill with cholera. She rushes with him across the river and through the dark, silent streets to reach Walter before it is too late.
Chapter 65
LXIII
Kitty rushes to Walter's bedside as he lies dying of cholera. She begs for his forgiveness, but his final words—'The dog it was that died'—leave her in confusion and grief. Walter dies shortly after, and Kitty, dazed, kisses him goodbye before being led away by Waddington.
Chapter 66
LXIV
At dawn, Kitty and Waddington return to the bungalow after Walter's death. Kitty refuses to lie down and instead sits at the window, finding solace in the familiar view of the temple. Waddington prepares to make burial arrangements.
Chapter 67
LXV
Walter Fane is buried in a Chinese coffin, with a cross of dahlias from the nuns. Colonel Yü attends the funeral, and Waddington reads the burial service. After the grave is filled, Kitty lingers, feeling a pang of grief, and asks Waddington to stay with her.
Chapter 68
LXVI
Kitty and Waddington walk to the archway memorial, where Kitty reflects on Walter's death, the meaning of life, and the nuns' sacrifices. Waddington discusses Tao and the beauty of a well-lived life. Kitty questions whether Walter died of a broken heart and recalls the line 'the dog it was that died.'
Chapter 69
LXVII
Kitty returns to the convent after Walter's death. The Mother Superior greets her, praising her courage and wisdom in returning to work so soon. Kitty, hiding her true feelings, accepts the Mother Superior's sympathy and is assigned new tasks.
Chapter 70
LXVIII
A week after Walter's death, the Mother Superior tells Kitty she must leave Mei-tan-fu and return to her mother. Despite Kitty's desire to stay, the Superior insists it is her duty to care for her unborn child. Kitty bids farewell to Sister St. Joseph and the Mother Superior, who gives her a parcel to mail in Marseilles and offers a final blessing about the unity of love and duty.
Chapter 71
LXIX
Kitty, accompanied by Waddington, visits Walter's grave before leaving Mei-tan-fu. As she travels back, she reflects on the surreal and dreamlike quality of her experiences, feeling detached from the recent tragic events. The journey blurs the line between reality and illusion, and she anticipates her arrival in Hong Kong.
Chapter 72
LXX
Kitty reflects on her lack of grief after Walter's death, feeling shame but also relief. She acknowledges she never loved him and is glad to be free from their unhappy marriage and from her degrading love for Townsend. She looks forward to leaving Hong Kong and embracing her newfound freedom.
Chapter 73
LXXI
Kitty arrives in Hong Kong and is unexpectedly met by Dorothy Townsend, who insists she stay with her and Charlie. Dorothy expresses admiration for Kitty's bravery in accompanying Walter to the cholera zone and offers friendship, leaving Kitty conflicted and ultimately accepting the invitation.
Chapter 74
LXXII
Kitty stays with the Townsends in Hong Kong and faces Charlie Townsend again. She observes his discomfort and her own contempt for him, while reflecting on the contrast between their luxurious life and the suffering she witnessed in Mei-tan-fu.
Chapter 75
LXXIII
Kitty dines with the Townsends, observing Charlie's charm and insincerity while grappling with her changed perception of him after her experiences in Mei-tan-fu.
Chapter 76
LXXIV
Kitty, now staying with the Townsends in Hong Kong, finds herself exhausted and succumbs to the comfort and luxury of her surroundings. She is treated as a sympathetic heroine by the colonial elite, who visit her and offer quiet attentions. She reflects on the irony of her situation and wishes Waddington were there to share a laugh over the pretense.
Chapter 77
LXXV
Kitty confronts Charlie Townsend in Hong Kong, expressing her contempt for him while he attempts to reconcile. Despite her anger and grief over Walter's death, she succumbs to his physical advances, experiencing a moment of ecstasy that dissolves her resolve.
Chapter 78
LXXVI
Kitty, overwhelmed with shame and self-loathing after succumbing to Charles Townsend again, sits on the edge of her bed in despair. Townsend brings her water and leaves with self-satisfaction, while Kitty stares at her reflection, calling herself a swine and a harlot. She realizes she has not changed as she thought, and is still a slave to her passions. Dorothy Townsend visits her, mistaking her tears for grief over Walter, and offers kind words.
Chapter 79
LXXVII
Kitty, determined to flee Hong Kong, secures passage on the first ship out and begins packing her belongings. Charles Townsend confronts her, attempting to reconcile and questioning the paternity of her unborn child. Kitty vehemently rejects him, expressing deep shame and self-loathing for their affair, and insists the child is Walter's.
Chapter 80
LXXVIII
Kitty returns to Marseilles, reflecting on her shameful encounter with Charlie Townsend and her mother's letter. She receives news of her mother's illness and death, and her father's unexpected letter.
Chapter 81
LXXIX
Kitty returns to her father's house in London after her mother's death. She finds her father, Bernard Garstin, trying to hide his relief at being free from his wife. Kitty visits her mother's body and reflects on their strained relationship, recognizing her mother's influence on her own character. Her sister Doris arrives, weeping dramatically, but Kitty feels unable to feign grief she does not feel.
Chapter 82
LXXX
Kitty dines with her father, Mr. Garstin, who tells her of his wife's death and his new post as Chief Justice of the Bahamas. Initially hesitant, Kitty asks to accompany him, leading to an emotional reconciliation where she seeks his love and forgiveness, and resolves to raise her unborn daughter to be independent and free.
Chapter 83
Endnotes
The endnotes provide editorial notes on textual choices, specifically reverting 'Tching-Yen' to 'Hong Kong' while keeping 'Fane' unchanged.
