The Lives of the Caesars · Chapter
Vitellius explained
This chapter details the origins, rise, and character of Emperor Vitellius, covering his family's disputed ancestry, his early life of debauchery, his appointment as governor of Lower Germany, his acclamation as emperor by the legions, and
What happens
This chapter details the origins, rise, and character of Emperor Vitellius, covering his family's disputed ancestry, his early life of debauchery, his appointment as governor of Lower Germany, his acclamation as emperor by the legions, and his initial actions after seizing power, including the disbanding of the Praetorian Guard and the punishment of those involved in Galba's murder.
Themes in this chapter
Dynastic Legacy and Family
The chapter opens with a detailed examination of the Vitellian family's origins, contrasting noble and base accounts, and follows the careers of Vitellius's father and uncles, emphasizing the importance of lineage.
Character and Morality of Rulers
Vitellius is portrayed as debauched, gluttonous, and cruel, yet capable of noble acts like disbanding the Praetorian Guard; his character is central to the narrative.
Omens, Prophecy, and Divine Favor
Multiple omens are described: an eagle flying before the troops, collapsing statues, a falling laurel crown, and a cock perching on Vitellius's head, all foreshadowing his eventual downfall.
Political Intrigue and Violence
The chapter recounts the murder of Galba, the defeat of Otho, and Vitellius's purges of the Praetorian Guard, highlighting the violent political maneuvering of the period.
Characters to notice
- Vitellius
The subject of the chapter; his lineage, early life, rise to power, and character are examined.
- Augustus
Mentioned as the emperor under whom Publius Vitellius served as a steward.
- Tiberius
Referenced in connection with the deposition of senators and the environment of Capreae where Vitellius spent his youth.
- Caligula
Vitellius won his intimacy through devotion to driving; also mentioned in relation to Lucius Vitellius's flattery.
- Claudius
Vitellius won his intimacy through a passion for dice; Lucius Vitellius served as censor and bore charge of the empire during Claudius's British expedition.
- Nero
Vitellius was dear to Nero for his service in allowing Nero to compete in the Neronia.
- Galba
Sent Vitellius to Lower Germany out of contempt; his murder is reported to Vitellius.
- Otho
His forces were defeated by Vitellius's lieutenants; Vitellius later punished those who had asked Otho for rewards for killing Galba.
Key passages
“Be of good cheer; to us light is given.”
Do not worry; this fire brings us illumination.
Vitellius's response to a fire in the dining room after his acclamation, turning a bad omen into a positive sign.
“May you often do it.”
May you frequently repeat this action.
Lucius Vitellius's flattering remark to Claudius during the Secular games.