The Lives of the Caesars · Chapter
The Deified Titus explained
This chapter details the life and reign of Emperor Titus, from his childhood and military exploits to his unexpected transformation from a feared and hated figure into a beloved and benevolent ruler.
What happens
This chapter details the life and reign of Emperor Titus, from his childhood and military exploits to his unexpected transformation from a feared and hated figure into a beloved and benevolent ruler. It highlights his natural charm, his role in the Jewish War, the disasters of his reign (the eruption of Vesuvius, the Great Fire of Rome, and a plague), and his remarkable clemency and generosity as emperor.
Themes in this chapter
Character and Morality of Rulers
The chapter contrasts Titus's early reputation for cruelty, greed, and riotous living with his later virtues of clemency, generosity, and justice, illustrating the moral transformation of a ruler.
Public Image and Propaganda
Titus actively cultivated a benevolent public image, from his famous remark 'Friends, I have lost a day' to his refusal to let anyone leave an audience without hope, and his indulgence of the people at games.
Dynastic Legacy and Family
The chapter explores Titus's relationship with his father Vespasian, his brother Domitian's plots, and his role in continuing the Flavian dynasty.
Omens, Prophecy, and Divine Favor
A physiognomist predicted Titus would become emperor while he was still a boy, and he consulted the oracle of the Paphian Venus, which encouraged his hope for imperial power.
Characters to notice
- Titus
The subject of the chapter; described as the 'delight and darling of the human race,' his early life, military career, and transformation from a feared prince to a beloved emperor are chronicled.
- Vespasian
Titus's father and predecessor; Titus acted as his partner and protector, co-ruling and taking on many administrative duties.
- Berenice
Queen with whom Titus had a notorious passion; he sent her away from Rome upon becoming emperor to quell rumors.
- Domitian
Titus's brother, who continually plotted against him and stirred up the armies, yet Titus showed him clemency.
- Narcissus
Freedman of Claudius who brought in a physiognomist to examine Britannicus; the physiognomist predicted Titus would become emperor.
- Britannicus
Titus's childhood friend and companion; Titus was present when Britannicus drank poison and later honored him with statues.
- Galba
Titus was sent to congratulate Galba on becoming emperor, but turned back when he saw turmoil.
- Aulus Caecina
An ex-consul whom Titus had stabbed after dinner for plotting against him, having seized a seditious speech written by Caecina.
Key passages
“Friends, I have lost a day.”
Titus lamented that he had done nothing for anyone that day, reflecting his commitment to serving his subjects.
This remark exemplifies Titus's dedication to benevolence and his desire to be an accessible, generous emperor.
“I am ruined.”
During the Great Fire of Rome, Titus expressed personal ruin, showing his emotional investment in the city's welfare.
Titus's reaction to the fire demonstrates his paternal concern for Rome, as he used his own resources for rebuilding.
“I would rather be killed than kill.”
Titus swore he would prefer to die himself rather than order the death of another, emphasizing his commitment to clemency.
This oath underscores Titus's moral transformation and his determination to avoid the bloodshed of previous emperors.
