The Kural · Chapter
LXXXVIII: The Appraising of Enemies explained
This chapter advises against courting enmity, especially with those skilled in speech, and counsels princes to avoid unnecessary conflict, to convert enemies into allies when possible, to never reveal weaknesses, and to humble the pride of
What happens
This chapter advises against courting enmity, especially with those skilled in speech, and counsels princes to avoid unnecessary conflict, to convert enemies into allies when possible, to never reveal weaknesses, and to humble the pride of defiant foes before they grow too powerful.
Themes in this chapter
Statecraft and Governance
The chapter provides strategic advice on managing enemies, forming alliances, and consolidating power.
Social Harmony and Ethics
Warns against provoking enmity and advocates for converting foes into allies to maintain social order.
Characters to notice
- Thiruvalluvar
Author of the Kural verses on enmity and statecraft.
- the Kural
The text containing the maxims on appraising enemies.
Key passages
“The accursed thing called enmity should never be courted willingly even though it be only in jest.”
Do not intentionally seek out enemies, even as a joke.
Highlights the danger of treating enmity lightly.
“Even if thou challenge the men whose weapon is the bow, provoke not the men whose weapon is their tongue.”
It is safer to challenge warriors than to anger those skilled in rhetoric.
Emphasizes the power of words over physical force.
“Behold the prince that hath no allies but challengeth to war a multitude of foes: he is more insane than even a madman.”
A ruler who picks a fight with many enemies without allies is utterly foolish.
Critiques reckless aggression without support.
“Behold the prince that hath the tact to convert enemies into allies: his power will last without end.”
A ruler who can turn enemies into friends secures lasting power.
Praises diplomatic skill and alliance-building.
“If thou hast to contend alone and without allies against two enemies, try to gain over one of them to thy side.”
When outnumbered, seek to divide and win over one opponent.
Strategic advice for asymmetric conflict.
“Whether thou hast decided to make a neighbour thy friend or thine enemy, do not make him either when thou art embarrassed, but leave him alone.”
Do not decide on friendship or enmity with a neighbor when you are in distress; instead, avoid the decision.
Warns against making strategic choices under duress.