The English Constitution · Chapter
Introduction to the Second Edition explained
In the introduction to the second edition, Bagehot reflects on the changes in the English Constitution since the first edition, particularly the expansion of the electorate and the shift in political power.
What happens
In the introduction to the second edition, Bagehot reflects on the changes in the English Constitution since the first edition, particularly the expansion of the electorate and the shift in political power. He discusses the evolving role of the House of Commons, the diminishing influence of the House of Lords, and the impact of public opinion on governance. Bagehot also examines the American political system as a contrast, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of presidential versus cabinet government. He addresses the challenges of democratic governance, the importance of deference and social hierarchy, and the need for efficient administration. The introduction serves as a critical update to his earlier analysis, incorporating recent events and trends.
Themes in this chapter
Cabinet Government and Parliamentary Sovereignty
Bagehot analyzes the evolving efficiency of cabinet government in the face of a larger electorate and the potential for parliamentary sovereignty to be challenged by popular will.
Comparative Political Systems
The introduction extensively compares the English cabinet system with the American presidential system, highlighting their respective advantages and vulnerabilities.
Characters to notice
- Mr. Gladstone
Mentioned as a key political figure whose actions and policies are shaping the new political landscape.
- Mr. Disraeli
Referenced in the context of the Reform Act of 1867 and the changing dynamics of party politics.
- Queen Victoria
Discussed in relation to the monarchy's role and public sentiment, particularly her influence and the perception of the crown.
- Mr. Lincoln
Used as a comparative example in discussing the American presidency and the strengths of a strong executive.
Key passages
“The House of Commons has changed; it has become a different body; it is now a place of discussion for the nation, not a place of decision for the few.”
The House of Commons has transformed from an elite decision-making body into a forum for national debate, reflecting the broader democratic shift.
Bagehot emphasizes the shift in the Commons' function due to the expanded electorate.
“A cabinet is a combining committee—a hyphen which joins, a buckle which fastens, the legislative part of the state to the executive part of the state.”
The cabinet serves as a crucial link that connects the legislative and executive branches, ensuring unified governance.
This metaphor illustrates Bagehot's view of the cabinet's essential role in the English system.
“The Americans have a President who is the head of the state and the head of the government; we have a Queen who is the head of the state, and a Prime Minister who is the head of the government.”
In the American system, the President combines both ceremonial and executive roles, whereas in England, these roles are split between the monarch and the Prime Minister.
Bagehot contrasts the two systems to highlight the English separation of dignified and efficient functions.