III: On the Eve explained

What happens

Themes in this chapter

• Proletarian Revolution and Dictatorship

  Lenin's speech emphasizes the necessity of proletarian dictatorship to achieve the revolution and save the people.

• Class Conflict and Polarization

  The chapter highlights the bitter struggle between peasants and landlords, workers and employers, soldiers and officers, with the Cadets representing counterrevolution.

• Struggle for Legitimacy and Power

  The Provisional Government's lack of moral authority and force is contrasted with the Soviets' claim to represent the people.

• Workers' Control and Economic Transformation

  The All-Russian Conference of Factory-Shop Committees calls for workers' control over industrial production.

Characters to notice

• Vladimir Lenin

  Argues for insurrection on November 7th, the day the Congress of Soviets meets, to present the Congress with a fait accompli.

• Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko

  Draws careful plans for the seizure of the capital.

• Alexander Kerensky

  Publicly denies government plans to abandon Petrograd, but is met with derision.

• Nikolai Kishkin

  Appointed Special Commissar to keep order in Petrograd, assisted by Rutenburg and Paltchinsky.

• Vladimir Karelin

  Left Socialist Revolutionary who reads from the London Times and confronts Cadets in the Council of the Russian Republic.

• Matvei Skobelev

  Defends the Soviet nakaz and protests against sending Terestchenko to Paris.

• Mikhail Tereshchenko

  Assailed from the Left in the Council of the Republic; offers to resign after Skobelev's protest.

• General Alexander Verkhovsky

  Proposes pressing Allies for peace because the army can fight no longer; given indefinite leave and leaves the government.

Key passages

• “the bourgeoisie can control. But it is force which the bourgeoisie lacks.тБатАКтБатАж The Army is with us. The conciliators and pacifists, Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviki, have lost all authorityтБатАФbecause the struggle between the peasants and the landlords, between the workers and the employers, between the soldiers and the officers, has become more bitter, more irreconcilable than ever. Only by the concerted action of the popular mass, only by the victory of proletarian dictatorship, can the Revolution be achieved and the people saved.”

  The bourgeoisie can only rule through force, but they lack it. The army supports us. The moderate socialists have lost all authority because class conflicts have intensified. Only through united mass action and the victory of the proletarian dictatorship can the revolution succeed and the people be saved.

  Lenin's argument for the necessity of proletarian dictatorship.

• “November 6th will be too early. We must have an all-Russian basis for the rising; and on the 6th all the delegates to the Congress will not have arrived.тБатАКтБатАж On the other hand, November 8th will be too late. By that time the Congress will be organised, and it is difficult for a large organised body of people to take swift, decisive action. We must act on the 7th, the day the Congress meets, so that we may say to it, тАШHere is the power! What are you going to do with it?тАЩ”

  Lenin argued that November 6th was too early because not all Congress delegates would have arrived, and November 8th too late because the Congress would be organized and unable to act decisively. The insurrection must occur on the 7th, the day the Congress meets, to present it with the accomplished fact of power.

  Lenin's strategic timing for the Bolshevik insurrection.

• “The remedy for Bolshevism is bullets!”

  The only cure for Bolshevism is shooting them.

  Karelin reads this from the London Times, highlighting the hostility of the right.