Richard III · Chapter
Scene III explained
Three citizens discuss the death of King Edward IV and express fears about the future, particularly the dangers of a child king and the ambitions of the Duke of Gloucester and the queen's relatives.
What happens
Three citizens discuss the death of King Edward IV and express fears about the future, particularly the dangers of a child king and the ambitions of the Duke of Gloucester and the queen's relatives.
Themes in this chapter
Fate and Prophecy
The third citizen speaks of a 'divine instinct' and natural signs (clouds, falling leaves, swelling waters) that portend coming troubles, suggesting an inevitable, fated upheaval.
Tyranny and Legitimacy
The citizens debate the legitimacy of a child king and the dangers of ambitious nobles like Gloucester, foreshadowing the tyranny that may arise from contested rule.
Characters to notice
- King Edward IV
Reported dead, his passing sparks anxiety about the realm's stability.
- King Richard III
Mentioned as the Duke of Gloucester, described as full of danger.
- Prince Edward (Edward V)
The child heir whose reign is anticipated with concern.
- Queen Elizabeth
Her sons and brothers are noted as haughty and proud, contributing to the political tension.
Key passages
“Ay, that the king is dead.”
Yes, the king has died.
First Citizen confirms the news of King Edward IV's death.
“Woe to the land that's govern'd by a child!”
Disaster awaits a country ruled by a child.
Third Citizen expresses the common fear of a child monarch.
“O, full of danger is the Duke of Gloucester!”
Oh, the Duke of Gloucester is extremely dangerous!
Third Citizen warns of Richard's threatening nature.
“When clouds appear, wise men put on their cloaks; When great leaves fall, the winter is at hand; When the sun sets, who doth not look for night?”
Wise people prepare for trouble when they see signs of it, just as they prepare for rain, winter, or night.
Third Citizen uses natural metaphors to argue that the signs of political trouble are clear and should be heeded.