Liberalism · Chapter
II: The Elements of Liberalism explained
This chapter examines the foundational elements of Liberalism, tracing its historical assault on arbitrary government, fiscal tyranny, personal liberties, social and economic restrictions, and the evolution of industrial regulation.
What happens
This chapter examines the foundational elements of Liberalism, tracing its historical assault on arbitrary government, fiscal tyranny, personal liberties, social and economic restrictions, and the evolution of industrial regulation. It emphasizes that liberty is secured through law and equality, and that each struggle for freedom also advances equality. The chapter sets the stage for a deeper inquiry into the constructive social scheme of Liberalism.
Themes in this chapter
Liberty and Restraint
The chapter argues that law is essential to liberty, restraining both the individual and others to secure freedom for the whole community.
Equality and Justice
Liberty implies equality; the demand for impartial law, independent judiciary, and abolition of class privileges is central.
Economic Freedom and Social Welfare
Discusses fiscal liberty, free trade, and the tension between free contract and industrial regulation to protect the weaker party.
Characters to notice
- John Locke
Quoted on freedom under government as having a standing rule to live by, common to every member of society.
- Richard Cobden
Mentioned as a strong individualist who recognized that the case of children stood apart regarding freedom of contract.
Key passages
“Freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by, common to every one of that society and made by the legislative power erected in it.”
Locke defines political freedom as living under a fixed, common law established by the legislature.
This encapsulates the Liberal demand for law as the foundation of liberty.
“The first condition of universal freedom, that is to say, is a measure of universal restraint.”
Universal freedom requires that everyone, including rulers, be subject to the same restraints.
Highlights the paradox that law both restrains and liberates.
“Once more the struggle for liberty is also, when pushed through, a struggle for equality.”
The fight for liberty inevitably becomes a fight for equality when pursued to its logical conclusion.
Connects the themes of liberty and equality throughout the chapter.