Book IV explained

What happens

Themes in this chapter

• War and Its Consequences

  The brutal realities of war are highlighted through the siege of Pylos, the massacre at Sphacteria, and the destruction caused by Brasidas' campaigns.

• Leadership and Strategy

  Contrasting leadership styles are on display: Demosthenes' defensive ingenuity, Cleon's aggressive demagoguery, and Brasidas' diplomatic and military acumen.

Characters to notice

• Demosthenes

  Athenian general who fortifies Pylos and leads the successful defense against Spartan attacks.

• Cleon

  Athenian demagogue who takes command at Pylos and secures the surrender of the Spartan forces on Sphacteria.

• Brasidas

  Spartan commander who campaigns in Thrace, capturing Amphipolis and other cities.

• Nicias

  Athenian general who negotiates the Peace of Nicias after the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas.

Key passages

• “The Athenians, having thus secured Pylos, proceeded to build a fort there and left a garrison to hold it.”

  After fortifying Pylos, the Athenians stationed a garrison to maintain control of the position.

  Describes the Athenian establishment of a stronghold at Pylos.

• “Brasidas, after a rapid march through Thessaly, arrived at the Thracian coast and began to win over cities to the Spartan cause.”

  Brasidas moved quickly through Thessaly to the Thracian region, where he persuaded several cities to ally with Sparta.

  Highlights Brasidas' successful campaign in Thrace.

• “Cleon, having been sent to reinforce the Athenian position at Pylos, took command and, after a brief engagement, forced the Spartans on Sphacteria to surrender.”

  Cleon arrived at Pylos, assumed command, and compelled the trapped Spartan forces on Sphacteria to capitulate after a short fight.

  Describes Cleon's role in the capture of the Spartan hoplites.