Great Expectations · Chapter
Chapter XXII explained
Herbert Pocket tells Pip the story of Miss Havisham's past: her spoiled childhood, her half-brother's betrayal, and her heartbreak at being jilted on her wedding day by a man who conspired with her brother.
What happens
Herbert Pocket tells Pip the story of Miss Havisham's past: her spoiled childhood, her half-brother's betrayal, and her heartbreak at being jilted on her wedding day by a man who conspired with her brother. Herbert also clarifies that Estella is not related to Miss Havisham but was adopted. The conversation clears the air between the two friends, and they discuss Herbert's ambitions as a capitalist and insurer of ships, though his current circumstances are modest.
Themes in this chapter
Deception and Appearance vs. Reality
The story of Miss Havisham's betrayal by a man who appeared devoted but was actually conspiring with her half-brother highlights the theme of deception and the contrast between outward show and true character.
Wealth and Moral Corruption
Miss Havisham's wealth attracted a scheming suitor and a resentful half-brother, leading to moral corruption and personal ruin.
Social Class and Ambition
Herbert's ambitious plans to become a capitalist and Pip's own aspirations reflect the theme of social mobility and the pursuit of status.
Characters to notice
- Pip
Pip listens to Herbert's account of Miss Havisham's history and feels relieved that the topic of his expectations has been openly discussed.
- Herbert Pocket
Herbert narrates the story of Miss Havisham's past, including her betrayal, and shares his own ambitious plans for becoming a wealthy capitalist.
- Miss Havisham
Herbert recounts Miss Havisham's history as a spoiled heiress who was jilted on her wedding day by a man conspiring with her half-brother.
- Estella
Herbert confirms that Estella is not related to Miss Havisham but was adopted, though he knows no further details.
- Mr. Matthew Pocket
Herbert mentions his father, Matthew Pocket, who warned Miss Havisham against her fiancé and was subsequently banished from her house.
Key passages
“He says, no varnish can hide the grain of the wood; and that the more varnish you put on, the more the grain will express itself.”
Herbert's father believes that a person's true nature cannot be concealed by superficial refinement; the more one tries to cover it up, the more it shows.
This metaphor underscores the theme of appearance versus reality, suggesting that a true gentleman is defined by inner character, not outward polish.
“The marriage day was fixed, the wedding dresses were bought, the wedding tour was planned out, the wedding guests were invited. The day came, but not the bridegroom.”
Everything was prepared for the wedding, but the groom never arrived.
This concise summary captures the pivotal moment of Miss Havisham's betrayal, which shapes her entire life thereafter.