Epictetus

Epictetus (c. 50–135 CE) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who spent his early life as a slave in Rome. After gaining his freedom, he taught philosophy in Rome until Emperor Domitian banished all philosophers in 93 CE. He then founded a school in Nicopolis, Greece, where he taught a practical, ethical system focused on distinguishing what is within our control from what is not. His lectures were transcribed by his student Arrian in the 'Discourses' and summarized in the 'Enchiridion' (Handbook). These works became foundational texts of Stoicism, influencing later thinkers such as Marcus Aurelius and modern cognitive-behavioral therapy. Epictetus’s literary legacy lies not in original writings but in the vivid, direct teachings that continue to guide readers toward tranquility and moral clarity.