Analects · Chapter
XXXIX explained
Confucius describes the various reasons why men of worth retire from the world, from particular states, because of disrespectful looks, or because of contradictory language.
What happens
Confucius describes the various reasons why men of worth retire from the world, from particular states, because of disrespectful looks, or because of contradictory language.
Themes in this chapter
The Superior Man
This passage highlights the discernment and integrity of the superior man, who knows when to retire from the world, a state, or a ruler based on ethical considerations.
Characters to notice
- Confucius
The Master explains the different circumstances under which worthy men withdraw from the world or from service.
Key passages
“Some men of worth retire from the world.”
There are virtuous individuals who withdraw from society altogether.
This indicates a complete retreat from public life.
“Some retire from particular states.”
Others leave a specific country or region.
This suggests a more targeted withdrawal from a particular political entity.
“Some retire because of disrespectful looks.”
Some depart when they are treated with contempt or discourtesy.
This highlights the importance of proper respect and ritual in Confucian thought.
“Some retire because of contradictory language.”
Some withdraw when they encounter conflicting or unreasonable speech.
This points to the value placed on sincerity and consistency in communication.