Analects · Chapter
Book V: Kung-Ye Ch’ǎng explained
In this chapter, Confucius evaluates the character and virtue of his disciples and others, discussing marriage suitability, the value of learning, the importance of sincerity over clever speech, and the qualities of the superior man.
What happens
In this chapter, Confucius evaluates the character and virtue of his disciples and others, discussing marriage suitability, the value of learning, the importance of sincerity over clever speech, and the qualities of the superior man. He also reflects on his own disciples' strengths and weaknesses, and laments the lack of true virtue and self-awareness in the world.
Themes in this chapter
Self-Cultivation
Confucius emphasizes the importance of learning and self-improvement, as seen in his praise of those who are fond of learning and his criticism of those who lack diligence.
The Superior Man
The chapter discusses the characteristics of the superior man, such as humility, respect, kindness, and justice, as exemplified by Tsze-ch’ân.
Sincerity and Faithfulness
Confucius values sincerity over clever speech, and criticizes those who conceal resentment while appearing friendly, highlighting the importance of authenticity.
Characters to notice
- Confucius
Central figure who assesses the virtue and abilities of his disciples and others, and shares his own ideals.
- Tsze-kung
Asks about his own worth and compares himself to Yen Hûi, showing humility and a desire for self-improvement.
- Yen Hûi
Praised by Confucius as superior to Tsze-kung in understanding, as he grasps all from one point.
- Tsze-lû
Mentioned for his daring nature and his eagerness to practice what he hears, though Confucius notes he lacks judgment.
- Tsâi Wo
Criticized for sleeping during the day, leading Confucius to emphasize judging by conduct rather than words.
- Tsǎng Shǎn
Mentioned as an example of a firm and unbending man, though Confucius doubts his firmness due to his passions.
Key passages
“Rotten wood cannot be carved; a wall of dirty earth will not receive the trowel.”
Just as rotten wood cannot be carved and a dirty wall cannot be plastered, some people are beyond improvement.
Confucius uses this metaphor to criticize Tsâi Wo's lack of diligence.
“I have not yet seen one who could perceive his faults, and inwardly accuse himself.”
I have yet to meet someone who can recognize their own faults and blame themselves internally.
Confucius laments the rarity of self-awareness and self-criticism.
“In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning.”
Even in a small village of ten families, there may be someone as honorable and sincere as I am, but none who love learning as much.
Confucius emphasizes the uniqueness of his dedication to learning.