# XXVI explained — The Way of All Flesh > Chapter companion for The Way of All Flesh by Samuel Butler. ## What happens The chapter critiques Christina's obsessive concern for her children's eternal welfare over their earthly happiness, revealing the hypocrisy and psychological damage inflicted by rigid Victorian religious parenting. It argues that clergymen, as paid advocates of one-sided doctrine, often take out their unnatural public tension on their defenseless children, leading to stunted development. The Pontifex children are described as 'white and puny,' suffering from homesickness and starvation of the soul due to being over-crammed with the wrong things. ## Themes in this chapter ### Hypocrisy of Victorian Morality The chapter exposes the contradiction between the public piety of clergymen like Theobald and their private cruelty toward their children. ### Parental Tyranny and Filial Rebellion Christina's letter reveals parental demands for absolute obedience and gratitude, while the narrator condemns the resulting stunted development of the children. ## Character check-ins ### Christina Pontifex Shown as anxious for her sons' eternal welfare, suspicious of their filial duty, and complicit in the oppressive religious atmosphere. ### Theobald Pontifex Depicted as a clergyman who, like others, cannot examine both sides of a question and relieves his tension on his children. ### Ernest Pontifex Mentioned as a child suffering under the oppressive training of prayers, hymns, and daily beatings. ### Joseph Referenced as Joey, one of Christina's sons, included in her anxious parting glance. ## Key lines > How like maternal solicitude is this! Solicitude for the most part lest the offspring should come to have wishes and feelings of its own, which may occasion many difficulties, fancied or real. Maternal care is often just a fear that children will develop independent desires that cause trouble. _The narrator critiques Christina's apparent concern as self-serving._ > The clergyman is expected to be a kind of human Sunday. Things must not be done in him which are venial in the weekday classes. A clergyman is supposed to be a living example of holiness, forbidden from ordinary human failings. _Explains the unnatural pressure on clergy that leads to domestic abuse._ > Their children were white and puny; they were suffering from homesickness . They were starving, through being over-crammed with the wrong things. The children were pale and weak, not from lack of food but from being force-fed the wrong spiritual and emotional nourishment. _Metaphor for the damaging effects of oppressive religious upbringing._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se/chapters/xxvi - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se/chapters