# Chapter XXI explained — The Way of All Flesh

> Chapter companion for The Way of All Flesh by Samuel Butler.

## What happens

Christina Pontifex indulges in elaborate religious fantasies about her son Ernest's future, believing he is destined for a great role in the coming millennium. She reflects on the supposed miracle of his baptism with water from the Jordan River and her own spiritual superiority. Theobald begins teaching Ernest to read at age two and whips him shortly after. Old Mr. Pontifex dies, revealing a bequest to Ernest that Theobald and Christina view as a misfortune, fearing it will corrupt him. Theobald seeks solace in visiting Mrs. Thompson.

## Themes in this chapter

### Hypocrisy of Victorian Morality

Christina's self-righteousness and spiritual pride contrast with her harsh treatment of Ernest, exposing the hypocrisy in her professed devotion.

### Parental Tyranny and Filial Rebellion

Theobald's early whipping of Ernest and the parents' controlling attitudes illustrate the theme of parental tyranny.

## Character check-ins

### Christina Pontifex

Indulges in grandiose religious fantasies about Ernest's future, reflecting on his baptism and her own spiritual growth.

### Theobald Pontifex

Begins teaching Ernest to read at age two and whips him shortly after; discusses the bequest with Christina and visits Mrs. Thompson.

### Ernest Pontifex

As a young child, he is taught to read and whipped by his father; is the subject of his mother's fantasies and the recipient of a bequest from his grandfather.

### George Pontifex

Recently deceased; his will includes a bequest to Ernest, which Theobald and Christina view as a misfortune.

### Mrs. Thompson

Visited by Theobald, who tells her that her sins are washed white.

## Key lines

> It was painful, as he said to Christina, but it was the only thing to do and it was done.

Theobald admitted to Christina that whipping Ernest was painful, but he believed it was necessary and carried it out.

_Reflects Theobald's justification of corporal punishment as a necessary evil._

> To leave him a small independence was perhaps the greatest injury which one could inflict upon a young man.

Theobald and Christina believed that giving Ernest a modest inheritance would harm him by discouraging hard work.

_Highlights their negative view of the bequest as a potential moral danger._

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se/chapters/xxi
- Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se
- All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_way_of_all_flesh_se/chapters