# Of Those Systems Which Make Virtue Consist in Propriety explained — The Theory of Moral Sentiments

> Chapter companion for The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith.

## What happens

This chapter examines philosophical systems that define virtue as propriety, focusing on Plato and Aristotle. It argues that while propriety is essential to virtue, it is not sufficient; beneficent actions deserve recompense and harmful actions deserve punishment, which these systems fail to fully explain. The impartial spectator is presented as the true measure of propriety.

## Themes in this chapter

### Virtue as Propriety and Self-Command

The chapter centers on systems that define virtue as propriety, critiquing their incompleteness and emphasizing the impartial spectator as the measure.

### Justice as the Pillar of Society vs. Beneficence as Ornament

The discussion of commutative and distributive justice, and Plato's broad conception of justice, highlights the distinction between justice and beneficence.

## Character check-ins

### Plato

Plato's system of virtue as the harmony of the soul's faculties is discussed, equating justice with perfect propriety.

### Aristotle

Aristotle's virtue as a mean between extremes and as a habitual disposition is examined and compared to Plato's view.

### Grotius

Grotius is referenced for his distinction between commutative and distributive justice.

## Key lines

> That precise and distinct measure can be found nowhere but in the sympathetic feelings of the impartial and well-informed spectator.

The only accurate standard for judging the propriety of emotions is the sympathetic perspective of an impartial and knowledgeable observer.

_This introduces the impartial spectator as the ultimate arbiter of moral propriety._

> For though propriety is an essential ingredient in every virtuous action, it is not always the sole ingredient.

While propriety is necessary for virtue, it is not sufficient; other qualities like beneficence also matter.

_This critiques systems that reduce virtue solely to propriety._

## Links

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