# II explained — The National Being > Chapter companion for The National Being by George William Russell. ## What happens The chapter explores the concept of the National Being as an oversoul that elevates individuals in a civilization, contrasting the unified ideals of ancient societies like Egypt, Greece, and Ireland with the lack of heroic figures in modern literature and democracy. It argues that poets and artists once created ideals that shaped national character, but modern literature fails to inspire greatness, leading to a decline in spiritual dignity and a loss of direction in Ireland. ## Themes in this chapter ### The National Being and Identity The chapter introduces the concept of the National Being as an oversoul that unifies a civilization, contrasting ancient societies with modern democracies. ### Role of Artists and Thinkers in Nation-Building The chapter criticizes modern literature for failing to create heroic types that inspire greatness, unlike ancient bards who molded national ideals. ### Spiritual vs. Material Forces in Civilization The chapter emphasizes the spiritual dignity of the Irish people despite material decay, and the need for spiritual inspiration to rebuild national character. ## Character check-ins ### Unknown Narrator The narrator reflects on the role of poets and heroes in shaping national ideals, lamenting the absence of such figures in modern times. ### Whitman Whitman is cited as the most democratic poet of the modern world who lamented the absence of great heroic figures in literature. ### Kathleen ni Houlihan Implied as a symbol of Ireland's spiritual dignity and the potential for national rebirth through a return to heroic ideals. ## Key lines > The building up of a civilization is at once the noblest and the most practical of all enterprises, in which human faculties are exalted to their highest, and beauties and majesties are manifested in multitude as they are never by solitary man or by disunited peoples. Creating a civilization is both the most honorable and useful endeavor, elevating human abilities and producing collective beauty and grandeur that isolated individuals or fragmented groups cannot achieve. _This introduces the central theme of the National Being as a unifying force._ > Whitman, himself the most democratic poet of the modern world, felt this deficiency in the literature of the later democracies, and lamented the absence of great heroic figures. Whitman, the most democratic poet of modern times, recognized this lack in the literature of later democracies and regretted that there were no great heroic characters. _Highlights the critique of modern literature's failure to inspire._ > It appears almost as if in some of these ancient famous communities the national ideal became a kind of tribal deity, that began first with some great hero who died and was immortalized by the poets, and whose character, continually glorified by them, grew at last so great in song that he could not be regarded as less than a demigod. In some ancient societies, the national ideal evolved into a tribal god, starting with a hero who was immortalized by poets and whose glorified character became so elevated in song that he was seen as a demigod. _Explains the process by which heroes become divine ideals in ancient cultures._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_national_being_se/chapters/ii - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_national_being_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_national_being_se/chapters