# VIII: Diplomacy (1861) explained — The Education of Henry Adams > Chapter companion for The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams. ## What happens Henry Adams is appointed private secretary to his father, Charles Francis Adams, who has been selected as Minister to England by President Lincoln. Henry reflects on the chaos of the Civil War, the inadequacy of his diplomatic preparation, and the social and political isolation he faces in London. He contrasts his family's historical diplomatic adventures with his own absurd and helpless position, learning to hold his tongue and observe the indifference of British society and diplomacy. ## Themes in this chapter ### Education and Self-Formation Henry Adams reflects on the failure of his legal education and the brutal 'education' of war and diplomacy, feeling his pitcher of education is broken. ### The Failure of Leadership The chapter criticizes the unpreparedness of the U.S. government and its diplomatic staff, with Henry feeling betrayed by his father's and Sumner's lack of support. ### American Exceptionalism and Europe Henry contrasts the American diplomatic tradition of adventurism with the rigid social and political structures of London, feeling absurd and isolated. ## Character check-ins ### Henry Adams The private secretary, reflecting on his own unfitness and the absurdity of his role, struggling with isolation in London. ### Charles Francis Adams Appointed Minister to England, he embraces the role of adventurer like his ancestors, but leaves his son without support. ### Abraham Lincoln President who selected Charles Francis Adams as Minister to England. ### William H. Seward Secretary of State and personal friend of Charles Francis Adams, whose appointment was the result of his friendship. ### Charles Sumner Senator who opposed the appointment of Charles Francis Adams and did not provide letters of introduction to smooth Henry's path. ### John Quincy Adams Historical figure remembered for his diplomatic adventures, serving as a model for Charles Francis Adams. ### Lord John Russell British Foreign Secretary who acted kindly by forestalling the arrival of Minister Adams. ## Key lines > Hardly a week passed when the newspapers announced that President Lincoln had selected Charles Francis Adams as his Minister to England. Within a week, news broke that Lincoln had chosen Charles Francis Adams as the U.S. Minister to England. _Sets the stage for Henry's new role as private secretary._ > The law, altogether, as path of education, vanished in April, 1861, leaving a million young men planted in the mud of a lawless world, to begin a new life without education at all. The legal education Henry had pursued became irrelevant with the outbreak of war, leaving countless young men to face a chaotic world unprepared. _Highlights the theme of education and self-formation disrupted by historical events._ > He was at least no public official, like the thousands of improvised secretaries and generals who crowded their jealousies and intrigues on the President. Henry considered himself less ridiculous than the many hastily appointed officials who plagued the President with their rivalries. _Reflects Henry's critical view of the government's leadership during the crisis._ > The private secretary was more passive than his father, for he knew not where to turn. Henry was even more passive than his father, lacking any direction or support. _Emphasizes Henry's isolation and helplessness._ > He never labored so hard to learn a language as he did to hold his tongue, and it affected him for life. Henry worked harder at learning to stay silent than at any foreign language, a habit that stayed with him permanently. _Illustrates Henry's adaptation to his diplomatic role through reticence._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_education_of_henry_adams_se/chapters/viii-diplomacy-1861 - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_education_of_henry_adams_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_education_of_henry_adams_se/chapters