# The Canterbury Tales — Chapters explained

> Chapter companions for The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The narrator describes the arrival of spring and the gathering of 29 pilgrims at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, ready to journey to Canterbury. The Host proposes a tale-telling contest to pass the time, offering a free sup
- [The Knight's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-knight-s-tale.md): Theseus proposes a tournament to settle the love rivalry between Palamon and Arcite for Emily, with each to bring a hundred knights to fight; he builds a grand theatre with temples to Venus, Mars, and Diana. The cousins 
- [The Miller's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-miller-s-tale.md): A bawdy and comedic tale of a foolish old carpenter, his young wife Alison, and two clerks—Nicholas and Absolon—who compete for her affections, leading to slapstick humiliation and a broken arm.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): After the Knight's tale, the Host praises it and calls upon the Monk to tell the next tale. However, the drunken Miller interrupts and insists on telling a tale to 'quite' the Knight's. The Reeve objects, warning against
- [The Miller's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): In Oxford, a rich carpenter named John marries a young, beautiful wife named Alison. A clever clerk named Nicholas, who boards with them, seduces Alison. Meanwhile, a parish clerk named Absolon also pursues Alison. Nicho
- [The Reeve's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-reeve-s-tale.md): The Reeve tells a story of revenge against a dishonest miller, mirroring the Miller's earlier tale. Two Cambridge students, Alein and John, outwit the miller Simkin by seducing his wife and daughter after he steals their
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): After the Miller's tale, the Reeve takes offense because he was once a carpenter. He delivers a bitter monologue on old age and decay, then vows to tell a tale that will get back at the Miller. The Host urges him to begi
- [The Reeve's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): Two clerks from Cambridge, John and Alein, go to the miller Simkin's mill to guard their corn from theft. Simkin steals their flour and hides it, then after a long day, the clerks stay overnight at his house. During the 
- [The Cook's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-cook-s-tale.md): The Cook begins a tale about a young apprentice named Perkyn, who is a reveller and thief. His master dismisses him, and he goes to live with a friend who is also a thief, and whose wife is a prostitute. The tale is inco
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Cook of London reacts joyfully to the Reeve's tale, praising the Miller's sharp conclusion. He offers to tell a tale of his own, a little jape that happened in his city. The Host grants permission, teasing Roger (the
- [The Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The chapter introduces Perkin Revellour, a prentice who loves revelry, dice, and taverns more than his shop. His master eventually dismisses him to prevent his corruption from spreading, and Perkin moves in with a compan
- [The Man of Law’s Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-man-of-law-s-tale.md): The Man of Law tells the story of Constance, a virtuous Christian princess who endures exile, shipwreck, false accusations, and murder plots, yet remains faithful to God. She marries the Syrian Sultan and later King Alla
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host notes the time and urges the pilgrims to continue their tale-telling contest, calling upon the Man of Law to fulfill his promise. The Man of Law responds by praising Chaucer's poetic works, particularly his tale
- [The Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Man of Law tells the story of Constance, a virtuous Roman princess whose faith and patience are tested through a series of trials, including a forced marriage to the Sultan of Syria, betrayal by her mother-in-law Don
- [The Wife of Bath’s Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-wife-of-bath-s-tale.md): The Wife of Bath tells a tale about a knight who must discover what women most desire to avoid execution. After learning that women desire sovereignty over their husbands, he marries an old, wise woman who transforms int
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Wife of Bath defends marriage and sexuality, arguing that virginity is not for everyone and that her five husbands have taught her much about the 'tribulation in marriage.' She interrupts the Pardoner, who is shocked
- [The Wife of Bath's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): A knight of King Arthur's court, condemned for his crime, is given a year to discover what women most desire. After a fruitless search, he meets an old woman who promises the answer in exchange for a favor. He learns tha
- [The Friar's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-friar-s-tale.md): The Friar tells a tale about a summoner who is corrupt and makes a pact with the devil, only to be dragged to hell. The story criticizes the hypocrisy and corruption within the church, particularly among summoners.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Friar and the Summoner begin to quarrel, with the Friar making a disparaging remark about Summoners. The Host intervenes, urging courtesy and asking the Friar to tell his tale, while the Summoner vows revenge when hi
- [The Friar's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Friar tells a tale of a corrupt Summoner who meets a disguised devil while riding to extort a bribe from a poor widow. The Summoner and the devil swear brotherhood, and the Summoner boasts of his own extortion. When 
- [The Sompnour's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-sompnour-s-tale.md): The Sompnour tells a tale of a friar who preaches against anger and then becomes enraged himself, exposing the hypocrisy of the church through a story of a corrupt summoner who is tricked by a cunning friar.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Sompnour, enraged by the Friar's tale, stands in his stirrups and demands to tell his own story. He accuses the Friar of lying and claims that friars and fiends are closely related. He recounts a vision where a friar
- [The Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): A friar visits a sick man named Thomas and his wife, engaging in hypocritical flattery and manipulation to extract a donation for his convent. After a lengthy sermon on the sin of anger, Thomas tricks the friar into plac
- [The Clerk's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-clerk-s-tale.md): The Clerk tells the story of Griseldis, a poor but virtuous woman who marries the nobleman Walter. To test her obedience and patience, Walter subjects her to a series of cruel trials, including taking away her children a
- [The Clerk's Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host calls upon the Clerk of Oxford to tell a tale, urging him to speak plainly and cheerfully rather than preaching. The Clerk agrees and introduces his tale, which he learned from the poet Petrarch in Padua, about 
- [The Clerk's Tale of Griselda](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Clerk tells the story of Griselda, a poor but virtuous woman who marries the Marquis Walter. Walter tests her patience and obedience by taking away her children and pretending to divorce her, but she remains steadfas
- [Pars Prima](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-prima.md): The people of Saluces, led by a wise spokesman, petition the young Marquis Walter to marry and secure the succession. Walter, who values his liberty, reluctantly agrees but insists on choosing his own wife and demands th
- [Pars Secunda](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-secunda.md): The marquis Walter, having decided to marry the poor but virtuous Griseldis, goes to her village and asks her father Janicola for her hand. Griseldis agrees to marry him on the condition that she will obey his every whim
- [Pars Tertia](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-tertia.md): The marquis, driven by a needless desire to test his wife's patience, falsely claims that his nobles resent her low birth and demand the removal of their daughter. Griselda meekly submits, allowing a sergeant to take the
- [Pars Quarta](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-quarta.md): In this part, Walter continues to test his wife Griseldis's patience and loyalty. After four years, she bears a son, but Walter, still suspicious, pretends to yield to his people's murmurs and orders the child taken away
- [Pars Quinta](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-quinta.md): The marquis, still testing his wife Griseldis, publicly announces he will take a new wife and orders her to return to her father's house. Griseldis responds with unwavering patience and humility, agreeing to leave but as
- [Pars Sexta](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-sexta.md): The Earl of Panic arrives with Walter's supposed new wife, who is actually his daughter. Griselda, unaware, humbly serves and prepares the household for the wedding. Walter reveals the truth: the children are alive, and 
- [L'Envoy of Chaucer](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/l-envoy-of-chaucer.md): Chaucer directly addresses wives, urging them to abandon the passive patience of Griselda and instead adopt assertive, even combative, behavior toward their husbands. He advises them to use sharp eloquence, show no humil
- [The Merchant's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-merchant-s-tale.md): The Merchant tells a cynical tale of an old knight named January who marries a young woman named May, only to be cuckolded by his squire Damian. The tale explores themes of marriage, deception, and the folly of old age s
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Merchant laments his unhappy marriage, contrasting his wife's cruelty with Griselda's patience, and expresses regret at being wed. The Host encourages him to share a tale about marriage, and the Merchant agrees, thou
- [The Merchant's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Merchant tells the story of January, a wealthy old knight from Lombardy who, after sixty years of bachelorhood, decides to marry a young wife. He chooses the beautiful May, but his friend Justinus warns him of the da
- [The Squire's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-squire-s-tale.md): The Squire begins a tale of romance and chivalry, featuring King Cambuscan and his daughter Canace, who receives magical gifts including a ring that allows her to understand the language of birds. The tale is left unfini
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host comments on the Merchant's tale, criticizing women's deceitfulness and complaining about his own wife's vices. He then calls upon the Squire to tell a tale of love, and the Squire agrees to do so with humility.
- [The Squire's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): At Sarra in Tartary, King Cambuscan celebrates his birthday with a grand feast. A mysterious knight arrives bearing magical gifts from the King of Araby and Ind: a brass steed that can transport its rider anywhere in a d
- [Pars Prima](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-prima.md): King Cambuscan of Tartary celebrates his birthday with a grand feast. A mysterious knight arrives bearing magical gifts: a brass steed that transports its rider anywhere in a day, a mirror that reveals truth and future a
- [Pars Secunda](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/pars-secunda.md): Canacé, after receiving a magical ring and mirror, rises early and walks in the park. She encounters a beautiful peregrine falcon that has wounded itself in grief. Using her ring, Canacé understands the falcon's speech a
- [The Franklin's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-franklin-s-tale.md): The Franklin tells a tale of love, honor, and the tension between truth and gentility. The knight Arviragus marries the fair Dorigen, but when he leaves for England, Dorigen is courted by the squire Aurelius. To be free 
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Franklin praises the Squire for his eloquence and gentility, expressing a wish that his own son were more virtuous. The Host interrupts, reminding the Franklin of his obligation to tell a tale. The Franklin then humb
- [The Franklin's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Franklin tells a Breton lay about the knight Arviragus and his wife Dorigen, who pledge mutual obedience in marriage. Arviragus goes to England for two years to seek honor, leaving Dorigen in sorrow. A squire named A
- [The Doctor's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-doctor-s-tale.md): The Physician tells the tragic story of Virginia, a beautiful and virtuous young woman whose father, Virginius, chooses to kill her rather than see her dishonored by the corrupt judge Appius.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host calls upon the Doctor of Physic to tell a tale, and the Doctor agrees, beginning his story immediately.
- [The Physician's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Physician tells the tragic story of Virginia, a virtuous and beautiful maiden, and her father Virginius. The corrupt judge Appius, lusting after Virginia, conspires with the clerk Claudius to claim she is a stolen sl
- [The Pardoner's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-pardoner-s-tale.md): The Pardoner, a corrupt church official, preaches a moral tale against greed and sin, using his own hypocrisy as a backdrop. He tells of three young rioters who set out to find Death, only to be undone by their own avari
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host reacts with outrage to the Physician's tragic tale of a maiden slain for her beauty, lamenting how gifts of fortune and nature often lead to death. He then turns to the Pardoner, praising him and requesting a me
- [The Pardoner's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Pardoner preaches against avarice and gluttony, then tells a moral tale of three young rioters in Flanders who set out to find Death but instead find a treasure, leading to their mutual betrayal and death through gre
- [The Shipman’s Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-shipman-s-tale.md): A merchant's wife borrows money from a monk, who is also her lover, and repays the debt by sleeping with him. The merchant unknowingly facilitates the affair when the monk asks for a loan, which he then gives to the wife
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): Our Host stands in his stirrups and calls for a tale from the Parson, but the Parson rebukes him for swearing. The Host accuses the Parson of being a Lollard, and the Shipman interrupts, insisting the Parson will not pre
- [The Merchant's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): A rich merchant from Saint Denis has a beautiful and lively wife. A young monk named Dan John, claiming kinship, frequently visits their home. The merchant plans a trip to Bruges for business. While he is occupied with h
- [The Prioress's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prioress-s-tale.md): The Prioress tells a tale of a young Christian boy murdered by Jews for singing a hymn to the Virgin Mary, whose miraculous continued singing leads to the discovery of his body and the punishment of the perpetrators.
- [The Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Prioress tells a tale of a young Christian boy, a widow's son, who is murdered by Jews for singing a hymn in honor of the Virgin Mary. Despite his throat being cut, he miraculously continues to sing until a grain is 
- [Chaucer's Tale of Sir Thopas](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/chaucer-s-tale-of-sir-thopas.md): Chaucer begins a tale in the style of a popular romance, introducing Sir Thopas, a handsome and chivalrous knight who embarks on a quest to win the love of an elf-queen. The tale is filled with exaggerated descriptions a
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): After the miracle is recounted, the Host turns to Chaucer and demands a tale. Chaucer, appearing distracted and elvish, reluctantly offers to tell a rhyme he learned long ago, and the Host eagerly agrees.
- [The Tale of Sir Thopas](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): Chaucer recites a parody of a chivalric romance, introducing Sir Thopas, a fair and chaste knight from Flanders who embarks on a quest to find an elf-queen. He encounters a giant named Sir Oliphaunt, retreats, and prepar
- [Chaucer's Tale of Meliboeus](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/chaucer-s-tale-of-meliboeus.md): Chaucer tells a prose tale of Meliboeus, a wealthy man whose house is attacked and his wife Prudence and daughter wounded. Prudence counsels him to forgive his enemies and seek peace rather than vengeance, emphasizing th
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host interrupts Chaucer's tale of Sir Thopas, criticizing it as dull doggerel, and demands a tale in prose that contains mirth or doctrine. Chaucer agrees and introduces a moral tale in prose, acknowledging that diff
- [The Tale of Melibee](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): Meliboeus, a wealthy young man, returns home to find his wife Prudence beaten and his daughter Sophia wounded by three old foes. He is consumed by grief and rage, but Prudence counsels him to temper his sorrow and seek w
- [The Monk's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-monk-s-tale.md): The Monk delivers a series of tragic tales about historical and mythological figures who fell from high status, illustrating the instability of fortune and the inevitability of downfall.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): After Chaucer finishes his Tale of Melibee, the Host complains about his own wife's lack of patience and compares her unfavorably to Dame Prudence. He then turns to the Monk, praising his appearance and jokingly suggesti
- [The Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The narrator presents a series of tragic examples from history and mythology, illustrating the fickleness of Fortune and the downfall of the proud. Figures such as Lucifer, Adam, Sampson, Hercules, Nebuchadnezzar, Nero, 
- [The Nun's Priest's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-nun-s-priest-s-tale.md): The Nun's Priest tells a beast fable about Chanticleer, a proud rooster, who is tricked by a flattering fox and nearly eaten, but escapes through his own quick thinking. The tale explores themes of pride, flattery, and t
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Knight interrupts the Monk's tragic tale, expressing that hearing of sudden falls from prosperity is distressing, while tales of rising from poverty to fortune are joyful. The Host agrees, criticizes the Monk's tale 
- [The Nun's Priest's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Nun's Priest tells the fable of Chanticleer, a proud rooster, and his favorite hen, Partelote. Chanticleer has a prophetic dream of a fox, which Partelote dismisses. Despite his warnings, Chanticleer is tricked and s
- [The Second Nun's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-second-nun-s-tale.md): The Second Nun recounts the life and martyrdom of Saint Cecilia, a noble Roman virgin who converts her husband Valerian and his brother Tiburce to Christianity. She withstands persecution under Prefect Almachius, survive
- [The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-canon-s-yeoman-s-tale.md): The Canon's Yeoman tells a tale of alchemy and deception, revealing the fraudulent practices of a canon who tricks a priest into believing he can transmute metals, ultimately exposing the corruption and futility of alche
- [The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): As the pilgrims ride from Canterbury, a mysterious Canon and his Yeoman overtake them. The Yeoman boasts of his master's alchemical skill, but the Host questions the Canon's shabby appearance. The Yeoman reveals his mast
- [The Canon's Yeoman's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Canon's Yeoman recounts his seven years of failed alchemy, detailing the extensive list of materials and processes involved, and warns of the deceit and financial ruin that accompany the practice. He then tells a spe
- [The Manciple's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-manciple-s-tale.md): The Manciple tells a fable about Phoebus (Apollo) who keeps a white crow that can speak and sing. Phoebus has a wife whom he loves jealously, but she takes a lover while he is away. The crow reveals the adultery to Phoeb
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): The Host awakens the sleeping Cook and urges him to tell a tale, but the Manciple intervenes, mocking the Cook's drunken state. The Cook falls from his horse, and after much effort is lifted back into the saddle. The Hos
- [The Manciple's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Manciple tells a fable about Phoebus, who keeps a white crow that can speak and sing. Phoebus has a wife he loves dearly but is jealous. While he is away, his wife sends for her lover. The crow sees them and later te
- [The Parson's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-parson-s-tale.md): The Parson delivers a lengthy sermon on the nature of penitence, confession, and the seven deadly sins, urging the pilgrims to seek redemption and moral reform.
- [The Prologue](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-prologue.md): As the Manciple finishes his tale, the sun is low and the Host notes that only one tale remains. He calls upon the Parson to tell a story, but the Parson refuses to tell a fable, insisting on a moral and virtuous tale in
- [The Parson's Tale](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/the-tale.md): The Parson delivers a lengthy sermon on penitence, beginning with a call to seek the old paths of righteousness. He defines penitence as the bewailing of sin with a purpose to amend, and describes its three actions (bapt
- [De Tertia Parte Poenitentioe](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/de-tertia-parte-poenitentioe.md): This chapter discusses the third part of penitence, satisfaction, which consists of almsdeed and bodily pain. It elaborates on three types of almsdeed, the importance of prayer (especially the Pater Noster), fasting, and
- [Preces de Chauceres](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/preces-de-chauceres.md): Chaucer addresses his readers directly, asking them to thank Christ for any good in his writings and to attribute any faults to his own ignorance. He then offers a retraction of his worldly and sinful works, including th
- [Endnotes](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_canterbury_tales_se/chapters/endnotes.md): The endnotes provide editorial commentary on the placement and authenticity of various Canterbury Tales, including the Nun's Tale, the Canon's Yeoman's Tale, and the Franklin's Tale, as well as explanations of archaic te

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