# XXXIV explained — The Age of Innocence

> Chapter companion for The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton.

## What happens

Newland Archer, now an old man, reflects on his life in his library after attending an inauguration at the Metropolitan Museum. He contemplates his past, his marriage to May, his unfulfilled desires, and the changes in society. He thinks of Ellen Olenska as a lost vision and observes how his children, especially Dallas, are part of a new, more permissive world, exemplified by Dallas's engagement to Fanny Beaufort, the daughter of the disgraced Julius Beaufort.

## Themes in this chapter

### Class and Social Hierarchy

Archer observes the erosion of old social barriers as Fanny Beaufort, daughter of a disgraced financier, is accepted into high society.

### Tradition vs. Change

The chapter contrasts Archer's rigid, duty-bound past with the more liberal attitudes of his children, who embrace new professions and social freedoms.

### Illusion vs. Reality

Archer's vision of Ellen Olenska as an unattainable ideal contrasts with the reality of his conventional life with May.

### Sacrifice and Renunciation

Archer reflects on his renunciation of a life with Ellen and his acceptance of a dutiful, if unfulfilling, marriage.

## Character check-ins

### Newland Archer

Aged and reflective, he sits in his library, reviewing his life, his marriage, and his missed opportunities.

### May Welland

Deceased; remembered through her portrait and as a faithful, unimaginative wife who died nursing their youngest child.

### Ellen Olenska

Recalled abstractly as the composite vision of all that Archer missed in life.

### Dallas Archer

Archer's eldest son, an architect, who is engaged to Fanny Beaufort.

### Fanny Beaufort

The orphaned daughter of Julius Beaufort and Fanny Ring, engaged to Dallas Archer.

### Julius Beaufort

Remembered for his financial scandal and subsequent marriage to Fanny Ring; his daughter is now accepted in society.

### Mary Chivers

Archer's daughter, tall and athletic, married to Reggie Chivers's son.

### Janey Archer

Archer's sister, who gives her mother's emeralds to Fanny Beaufort.

## Key lines

> He had been, in short, what people were beginning to call 'a good citizen.'

He had become the kind of person society now labeled a 'good citizen.'

_Archer's self-assessment of his civic contributions._

> Something he knew he had missed: the flower of life.

He was aware that he had missed the most exquisite part of life.

_Archer's acknowledgment of his unfulfilled desires._

> When he thought of Ellen Olenska it was abstractly, serenely, as one might think of some imaginary beloved in a book or a picture.

He thought of Ellen Olenska in a detached, peaceful way, like a fictional character.

_Archer's idealized memory of Ellen._

> Nothing could more dearly give the measure of the distance that the world had travelled.

Nothing showed more clearly how much society had changed.

_Reflection on the acceptance of Fanny Beaufort's engagement._

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_age_of_innocence_se/chapters/xxxiv
- Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_age_of_innocence_se
- All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/the_age_of_innocence_se/chapters