# XXIII explained — Saragossa

> Chapter companion for Saragossa by Benito Pérez Galdós.

## What happens

The chapter depicts the intense street fighting in Saragossa, focusing on the defense of the Calle de Pabostre. The French use mines to destroy houses, causing panic among the defenders. Palafox appears to rally the troops, and the narrative praises his leadership and symbolic role. Manuela Sancho is highlighted as a heroic woman who fights and is wounded. The chapter emphasizes the brutal nature of urban combat and the morale-boosting presence of Palafox.

## Themes in this chapter

### Heroic Resistance and Patriotism

The defenders' relentless resistance in the face of overwhelming force, exemplified by Manuela Sancho and the friars' rallying cries, underscores the theme of patriotic heroism.

### War and Dehumanization

The brutal urban combat, the use of mines, and the dehumanizing effects of war are vividly depicted, showing the horror and chaos of battle.

## Character check-ins

### Palafox

Appears at the entrance of the street to rally the defenders, his presence and gestures inspire the troops to continue fighting.

### Manuela Sancho

A brave woman who fires a gun and serves cannon number eight, is wounded in the leg but survives and is later honored.

### Basilio Boggiero

Mentioned as one of the real governors behind Palafox, an ecclesiastic who helps direct the defense.

### General Saint March

Listed among the noted generals who, with Father Basilio, actually govern while Palafox reigns.

### General Butron

Listed among the noted generals who, with Father Basilio, actually govern while Palafox reigns.

## Key lines

> Palafox appeared at the entrance of the street, and his presence restrained us for some time.

When Palafox showed up at the street entrance, his mere presence temporarily halted our retreat.

_Palafox's appearance has a calming and rallying effect on the troops._

> In reality, the illustrious commander did not govern, he reigned. Father Basilio governed, with O’Neill, Saint March, and Butron, the first, an ecclesiastic, the other three noted generals.

Palafox was more of a figurehead than an actual ruler; the real decisions were made by Father Basilio and the generals O'Neill, Saint March, and Butron.

_This highlights the division between symbolic leadership and practical governance._

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/saragossa_se/chapters/xxiii
- Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/saragossa_se
- All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/saragossa_se/chapters