# Free Thought explained — Noli Me Tangere

> Chapter companion for Noli Me Tangere by José Rizal.

## What happens

Ibarra meets with Elías, who reveals that he saved Ibarra's life during the cornerstone laying and warns him of enemies plotting against him. Elías explains his belief that only God should judge men, not human courts, and refuses to discuss his own past. Ibarra is left puzzled by Elías's mysterious nature and his rejection of human justice.

## Themes in this chapter

### Resistance and the Seeds of Revolution

Elías's warning and his critique of human justice hint at the growing resistance against oppressive structures.

### Social Injustice and Class Division

Elías's background as a hunted man and his distrust of authority highlight the class divisions and injustices in society.

## Character check-ins

### Crisóstomo Ibarra

Ibarra is surprised by Elías's visit and listens to his warnings about enemies. He questions Elías's identity and beliefs.

### Elías

Elías reveals he caught the criminal during the cornerstone incident and warns Ibarra of a plot against him. He expresses a deep distrust of human justice and a belief in divine judgment.

## Key lines

> All of us have them, sir, from the smallest insect up to man, from the poorest and humblest to the richest and most powerful! Enmity is the law of life!

Everyone has enemies, regardless of their status in life; hostility is a universal principle.

_Elías explains to Ibarra that enmity is inevitable for all beings._

> Were I to believe in miracles, I should not believe in God. I should believe in a deified man, I should believe that man had really created a god in his own image and likeness.

If I believed in miracles, I would be worshiping a human-made god rather than the true God.

_Elías rejects the idea of miracles, asserting a more rational faith._

> Believing in accidents is like believing in miracles; both presuppose that God does not know the future.

To believe in accidents or miracles implies that God is unaware of what will happen.

_Elías argues that both concepts contradict divine omniscience._

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/noli_me_tangere_se/chapters/xxxiii-free-thought
- Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/noli_me_tangere_se
- All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/noli_me_tangere_se/chapters