# Mutual Aid — Character guide

> Key figures in Mutual Aid by Peter Kropotkin.

- [Charles Darwin](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/darwin.md): Naturalist whose work on evolution and mutual aid is frequently discussed and critiqued.
- [Alfred Brehm](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/brehm.md): Zoologist and author whose observations of animal societies are cited extensively.
- [Karl Kessler](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/kessler.md): Russian zoologist who proposed the theory of mutual aid in evolution.
- [John Lubbock](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/lubbock.md): English banker and naturalist whose works on ants and primitive societies are referenced.
- [W. H. Hudson](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/hudson.md): Naturalist and author whose observations of animal behavior in South America are cited.
- [John James Audubon](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/audubon.md): Ornithologist and painter whose field observations of birds are referenced.
- [Alfred Russel Wallace](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/wallace.md): Naturalist and co-discoverer of natural selection, cited on animal sociability.
- [Auguste Forel](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/forel.md): Swiss myrmecologist and neuroanatomist, expert on ant societies.
- [Pierre Huber](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/pierre_huber.md): Swiss entomologist known for studies of ant behavior and mutual aid.
- [Henry Maine](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/henry_maine.md): Legal historian whose work on ancient law and village communities is discussed.
- [Johann Jakob Bachofen](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/bachofen.md): Swiss anthropologist who theorized about matriarchy and primitive communism.
- [Achille Luchaire](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/luchaire.md): French historian of medieval institutions and communal movements.
- [Georg Ludwig von Maurer](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/maurer.md): German historian who studied the primitive Germanic mark and village community.
- [Alfred Espinas](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/espinas.md): French sociologist and philosopher who wrote on animal societies.
- [Thomas Hobbes](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/hobbes.md): Philosopher whose 'war of all against all' is contrasted with mutual aid.
- [Thomas Henry Huxley](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/huxley.md): Biologist and advocate of Darwinism, criticized for his view of nature as a gladiator show.
- [Lewis H. Morgan](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/morgan.md): American anthropologist whose work on primitive society and the gens is cited.
- [Maxim Kovalevsky](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/kovalevsky.md): Russian sociologist and historian of communal land tenure and medieval guilds.
- [Gustav von Schmoller](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/schmoller.md): German economist of the historical school, cited on medieval economic organization.
- [Henry Walter Bates](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/bates.md): English naturalist and explorer of the Amazon, cited on animal mimicry and sociability.
- [Bernard Altum](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/altum.md): German zoologist and forester, cited on bird territoriality and mutual aid.
- [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/goethe.md): German poet and naturalist, quoted on nature and cooperation.
- [Jean-Jacques Rousseau](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/rousseau.md): Philosopher whose ideas on the noble savage and social contract are referenced.
- [Herbert Spencer](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/herbert_spencer.md): Philosopher and sociologist, proponent of social Darwinism, criticized in the text.
- [Plutarch](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/plutarch.md): Greek biographer and essayist, cited on ancient customs and mutual aid.
- [Theodor Waitz](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/waitz.md): German anthropologist whose work on primitive peoples is referenced.
- [James Watt](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/james_watt.md): Scottish inventor, mentioned in context of industrial revolution and individualism.
- [Ida Pfeiffer](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/idapfeiffer.md): Austrian explorer and travel writer, cited on customs of primitive peoples.
- [Ivan Veniaminov](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/veniaminoff.md): Russian missionary and ethnographer of the Aleut people.
- [Nikolai Severtsov](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/syevertsoff.md): Russian naturalist and explorer, cited on animal behavior in Central Asia.
- [Ludwig Büchner](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/buchner.md): German philosopher and physician, materialist, cited on mutual aid.
- [Albert Hermann Post](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/post.md): German jurist and ethnologist, cited on primitive law and communal property.
- [Johannes Falke](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/falke.md): German historian of medieval trade and guilds.
- [Toulmin Smith](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/toulmin_smith.md): English legal antiquary, cited on medieval guilds and English municipal history.
- [Lujo Brentano](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/brentano.md): German economist and social reformer, cited on medieval guilds and trade unions.
- [Frederic Seebohm](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/seebohm.md): English economic historian, cited on the English village community and open fields.
- [Hinrich Rink](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/rink.md): Danish geologist and ethnographer of Greenland and the Eskimo.
- [Heinrich Schurtz](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/schurtz.md): German ethnographer, cited on age-classes and secret societies.
- [John Ferguson McLennan](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/maclennan.md): Scottish ethnologist, cited on primitive marriage and kinship systems.
- [Peter Kolb](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/kolben.md): German traveler and ethnographer of the Hottentots (Khoikhoi).
- [Nikolay Kostomarov](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/kostomaroff.md): Ukrainian historian, cited on the early Slavic communal institutions.
- [Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/sismondi.md): Swiss historian and economist, cited on medieval Italian republics and guilds.
- [Samuel Plimsoll](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/plimsoll.md): English politician and social reformer, known for the Plimsoll line on ships.
- [Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/shaftesbury.md): English philanthropist and social reformer, cited on factory acts and mutual aid.
- [Ivan Polyakov](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/polyakoff.md): Russian naturalist and explorer, cited on the customs of the Buryats.
- [William Healey Dall](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/dall.md): American naturalist and ethnographer of Alaska and the Aleut people.
- [Carl Bock](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/carl_bock.md): Norwegian naturalist and explorer of Borneo and Sumatra.
- [Wilhelm Arnold](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/arnold.md): German legal historian, cited on the primitive German mark and village community.
- [Ivan Belyaev](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/byelaeff.md): Russian historian, cited on the early Russian communal land system.
- [Erwin Nasse](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/nasse.md): German economist and historian, cited on medieval agrarian history.
- [Adolf Buchenberger](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/buchenberger.md): German economist, cited on agrarian history and village communities.
- [Paul Vinogradoff](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/vinogradov.md): Russian-British legal historian, cited on the English manor and village community.
- [Edvard Westermarck](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/westermarck.md): Finnish anthropologist, cited on the history of human marriage and morality.
- [Étienne Martin-Saint-Léon](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/martin_saint_leon.md): French historian of medieval guilds and corporations.
- [Charles Gross](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/gross.md): American historian of English guilds and municipal institutions.
- [Giuseppe Ferrari](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/ferrari.md): Italian historian and philosopher, cited on the history of political revolutions.
- [Johannes Janssen](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/janssen.md): German historian, cited on the social and economic history of the Middle Ages.
- [Paul-Émile Botta](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/botta.md): French archaeologist and diplomat, cited on ancient Assyrian civilization.
- [Charles John Cornish](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/cornish.md): English naturalist and writer, cited on animal behavior and wildlife.
- [Charles Dixon](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/dixon.md): English ornithologist, cited on bird migration and nesting associations.
- [Johann Peter Eckermann](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/eckermann.md): German poet and author, known for conversations with Goethe.
- [Edward VI of England](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/edward_vi.md): King of England, cited in context of Tudor poor laws and social regulation.
- [Geselle](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/geselle.md): German term for journeyman, discussed in context of medieval guilds.
- [Heinrich Leo](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/leo.md): German historian, cited on medieval city constitutions and guilds.
- [Alexander Sutherland](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/sutherland.md): Australian philosopher and psychologist, cited on the origin of moral instincts.
- [Gottfried Adlerz](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/adlerz.md): Swedish entomologist, cited on the social behavior of wasps and ants.
- [Riches](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/riches.md): Author cited on the social organization of primitive tribes.
- [Alice Stopford Green](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/mrs_green.md): Irish historian and nationalist, cited on medieval English town life.
- [Mrs. S.](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/mrs_s.md): Anonymous correspondent cited on mutual aid among the poor in London.
- [King Knu](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/king_knu.md): Legendary or historical figure cited in context of primitive kingship.
- [Hermann von Ihering](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/dr_ihering.md): German-Brazilian zoologist, cited on the social behavior of ants and termites.
- [Henry Walter Bates](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/mr_bates.md): English naturalist and explorer, cited on Amazonian Indian customs.
- [Orest Miller and Maxim Kovalevsky](https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters/miller_kovalevsky.md): Russian scholars cited jointly on Slavic communal institutions.

HTML index: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/mutual_aid_se/characters