# The Wisdom of Children explained — The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories > Chapter companion for The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories by Leo Tolstoy. ## What happens A series of vignettes depicting conversations among children and between children and adults, exploring themes of justice, property, hypocrisy, charity, art, and science through the simple, direct, and often morally incisive questions of the young. ## Themes in this chapter ### Social Class and Hierarchy The carpenter's inability to build his own roof despite his skill starkly illustrates economic inequality. The bailiff's threat to the peasant girl Grushka reinforces social power structures. ### Moral Philosophy and Virtue Children debate the nature of justice (divine vs. human), critique adult hypocrisy, and champion directness and charity, presenting a pure moral lens contrasted with compromised adult behavior. ### Hypocrisy and Social Pretense The conversation between Mitia, Iliusha, and Sonia explicitly condemns adults who speak ill of each other behind their backs, highlighting societal duplicity. ## Character check-ins ### The Young Tsar Referenced in a debate among children (Grishka, Jishka, Semka) about the limits of earthly justice and divine punishment. ### Mitia Smokovnikov A boy of ten, part of a conversation with Iliusha and Sonia about hypocrisy and name-calling. ### Sónya A girl of six, who declares that whoever calls another a fool is a fool themselves, exposing the hypocrisy in the adults' behavior. ### Michael Ivanovich One of the adults being gossiped about and called a fool by Peter Semenovich, as discussed by the children. ### Peter Ivánovich Implied to be 'Peter Semenovich,' who abuses Michael Ivanovich behind his back, as revealed in the children's conversation. ### The Master Implied father of the boy questioning the carpenter about property and work. ### The Priest Mentioned by the bailiff as the authority who will judge the peasant girl Grushka for her insolence. ## Key lines > Jishka: But if the Tsar judges wrong, who is going to punish him? Semka: God will punish him. A child questions the finality of the Tsar's judgment, suggesting a higher, divine justice. _Highlights a child's intuitive challenge to absolute earthly authority._ > Carpenter: I can work all right for you, but not for myself... Because I need wood for that, and I haven’t got any. A skilled carpenter explains he cannot repair his own home due to a lack of resources, despite being able to work for his wealthy employer. _A simple, devastating illustration of economic disparity and wage labor._ > Sonia: They both are. Whoever calls another person a fool is a fool himself. A young girl points out the logical and moral flaw in insulting others. _Child's wisdom exposes the hypocrisy and pettiness of adult conflicts._ > Misha: Why shouldn’t one give, if one has got plenty of everything oneself? We are not poor, and she is. A child sees charity not as a special virtue but as a simple, logical response to inequality. _Presents an uncomplicated, moral view of wealth and obligation._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/leo_tolstoy_short_fiction_se/chapters/the-wisdom-of-children - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/leo_tolstoy_short_fiction_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/leo_tolstoy_short_fiction_se/chapters