# Pseudo-Critics explained — Lavengro > Chapter companion for Lavengro by George Borrow. ## What happens The author defends his book 'Lavengro' against pseudo-critics, exposing their ignorance in philology by deliberately misspelling foreign words to trap them. He taunts critics for failing to detect errors in Armenian, Welsh, and Italian, and highlights the book's merits, including a physiological fact about touching objects to avert bad luck and the introduction of the 'Sleeping Bard.' He then attacks specific groups: literary coxcombs and 'Charlie o'er the water' Scotch critics, defending his use of Romany and exposing their hypocrisy. ## Themes in this chapter ### Philology and Learning The author uses his knowledge of Armenian, Welsh, Italian, and Romany to expose the ignorance of critics, emphasizing the importance of linguistic expertise. ### Honor and Morality The author defends his honor against unfair attacks, arguing that critics are cowardly and sycophantic, while he courageously exposes their failings. ### The Gypsy and the Outsider The author identifies himself as a gypsy, using his outsider status to challenge and humiliate the established critics. ## Character check-ins ### Lavengro The author and protagonist, who defends his book and exposes the ignorance of pseudo-critics. ### The Armenian Referenced in the context of Armenian language examples used to trap critics. ### William Wallace Mentioned in the critique of Scotch critics who revere Wallace. ### Sigurd Referenced as Sigurd Fafnisbane in the context of Iro-Norman myth. ## Key lines > The best way to deal with vipers is to tear out their teeth; and the best way to deal with pseudo-critics is to deprive them of their poison-bag, which is easily done by exposing their ignorance. The most effective method to handle false critics is to reveal their lack of knowledge, just as one would disarm a venomous snake. _The author uses a metaphor to justify his strategy of exposing critics' ignorance._ > The writer besides knowing something of Italian and Welsh, knows a little of Armenian language and literature; but who knowing anything of the Armenian language, unless he had an end in view, would say, that the word for sea in Armenian is anything like the word tide in English? The author, who is familiar with Italian, Welsh, and Armenian, deliberately used incorrect Armenian words to trap critics, knowing they would not detect the errors. _The author explains his deliberate misspellings as a test of critics' philological competence._ > The book has the merit of communicating a fact connected with physiology, which in all the pages of the multitude of books was never previously mentioned—the mysterious practice of touching objects to baffle the evil chance. One of the book's unique contributions is describing the physiological habit of touching objects to ward off bad luck, a topic never before addressed in print. _The author highlights an original insight in his work._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/lavengro_se/chapters/ix-pseudo-critics - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/lavengro_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/lavengro_se/chapters