# Endnotes explained — How the Other Half Lives

> Chapter companion for How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis.

## What happens

The endnotes provide citations and additional context for the factual claims made throughout the book, including statistics on tenement profits, housing conditions, mortality rates, and reform efforts. They reference specific cases, reports, and historical data that support the author's observations on poverty, exploitation, and social conditions in New York's tenements.

## Themes in this chapter

### Tenement Life and Housing

Endnotes provide specific examples of tenement conditions, including a 'fever-breeding' structure with dark, unventilated rooms and stables rented as dwellings.

### Poverty and Inequality

Endnotes cite instances of tenement property yielding 40% to over 100% interest, highlighting the exploitation of the poor.

### Exploitation and Greed

The endnotes detail the high profits from tenement housing and the sweating system, reflecting greed at the expense of tenants.

### Public Health and Disease

References to unventilated rooms, fever-breeding structures, and mortality tables for children under five underscore public health concerns.

## Character check-ins

### Chief Inspector Byrnes

Referenced in endnote 9 regarding lodging-houses.

### The Boy

Mentioned in endnote 18 in the context of a family living in a ramshackle tenement.

### The Italian

Referenced in endnote 7 regarding Italian tenements in Harlem sinking to the slum level.

### Jews

Referenced in endnote 14 regarding the Tenth Ward and contiguous wards.

## Key lines

> Forty percent was declared by witnesses before a Senate Committee to be a fair average interest on tenement property. Instances were given of its being one hundred percent and over.

Witnesses told a Senate Committee that a 40% return was typical for tenement investments, with some cases exceeding 100%.

_Highlights the extreme profitability of tenement housing at the expense of tenants._

> Here are twelve living-rooms and twenty-one bedrooms, and only six of the latter have any provision or possibility for the admission of light and air, excepting through the family sitting- and living-room; being utterly dark, close, and unventilated.

In a sample tenement, only six of twenty-one bedrooms had any access to light or air, and those only through the living room.

_Illustrates the severe lack of ventilation and light in tenement housing._

> A lot 50 × 60, contained twenty stables, rented for dwellings at $15 a year each; cost of the whole $600.

A 50x60 foot lot held twenty stables rented as homes for $15 each per year, with the entire property costing $600.

_Shows the conversion of stables into cheap, substandard housing._

## Links

- HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/how_the_other_half_lives_se/chapters/endnotes
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- All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/how_the_other_half_lives_se/chapters