# IV: Juno and Her Rivals, Io and Callisto—Diana and Actaeon—Latona and the Rustics explained — Bulfinch’s Mythology > Chapter companion for Bulfinch’s Mythology by Thomas Bulfinch. ## What happens Juno's jealousy leads her to punish Jupiter's mortal lovers Io and Callisto, transforming Io into a heifer guarded by Argus and Callisto into a bear before Jupiter places them among the stars. Diana punishes Actaeon for accidentally seeing her bathe by turning him into a stag, who is then torn apart by his own hounds. Latona's story of punishing Lycian rustics who insulted her is recalled as a parallel to divine retribution. ## Themes in this chapter ### Jealousy and Revenge Juno's jealousy drives her to punish Jupiter's mortal lovers Io and Callisto, demonstrating the destructive power of divine wrath. ### Hubris and Divine Retribution Actaeon's accidental intrusion on Diana's bath is met with a harsh transformation and death, illustrating the theme of mortal transgression against divine order. ### Mortality and Immortality Io and Callisto undergo physical transformations that blur the line between human and animal, while Callisto is ultimately immortalized among the stars. ## Character check-ins ### Juno Queen of the gods, enraged by Jupiter's infidelities, punishes Io and Callisto, and later opposes their celestial honors. ### Jupiter King of the gods, transforms Io into a heifer and later places Callisto and Arcas among the stars as constellations. ### Phoebus Apollo Goddess of the hunt, punishes Actaeon for intruding on her bath by transforming him into a stag. ### Actaeon Son of King Cadmus, accidentally sees Diana bathing and is turned into a stag, then killed by his own hounds. ### Latona Mother of Apollo and Diana, her story of punishing Lycian rustics is recalled as an example of divine justice. ### Mercury Messenger of the gods, sent by Jupiter to lull Argus to sleep and slay him, freeing Io. ### Argus Hundred-eyed giant set by Juno to guard Io; he is lulled to sleep by Mercury and killed. ### Io Daughter of the river god Inachus, transformed into a heifer by Jupiter to hide from Juno, later freed after Argus's death. ## Key lines > Jupiter, beholding, arrested the crime, and snatching away both of them, placed them in the heavens as the Great and Little Bear. Jupiter prevented the murder and lifted both Callisto and Arcas into the sky, where they became the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. _Describes the catasterism of Callisto and Arcas._ > Immediately a pair of branching stag’s horns grew out of his head, his neck gained in length, his ears grew sharp-pointed, his hands became feet, his arms long legs, his body was covered with a hairy spotted hide. Actaeon was instantly transformed into a stag, with antlers sprouting from his head, his limbs elongating, and his skin becoming a spotted hide. _Details the physical metamorphosis of Actaeon as punishment for seeing Diana naked._ > He could not but admire his own speed; but when he saw his horns in the water, 'Ah, wretched me!' he would have said, but no sound followed the effort. Actaeon was amazed at his own swiftness, but when he saw his reflection with antlers, he tried to cry out in despair, yet could not make a human sound. _Highlights Actaeon's tragic realization of his transformation._ ## Links - HTML: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/bulfinch_s_mythology_se/chapters/iv-juno-and-her-rivals-io-and-callisto-diana-and-actaeon-latona-and-the-rustics - Book: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/bulfinch_s_mythology_se - All chapters: https://www.betterreads.online/discover/bulfinch_s_mythology_se/chapters